Testing

CakePHP comes with comprehensive testing support built-in. CakePHP comes with integration for PHPUnit. In addition to the features offered by PHPUnit, CakePHP offers some additional features to make testing easier. This section will cover installing PHPUnit, and getting started with Unit Testing, and how you can use the extensions that CakePHP offers.

Installing PHPUnit

CakePHP uses PHPUnit as its underlying test framework. PHPUnit is the de-facto standard for unit testing in PHP. It offers a deep and powerful set of features for making sure your code does what you think it does. PHPUnit can be installed through using either a PHAR package or Composer.

Install PHPUnit with Composer

To install PHPUnit with Composer:

$ php composer.phar require --dev phpunit/phpunit:"^5.7|^6.0"

// Before CakePHP 3.4.1
$ php composer.phar require --dev phpunit/phpunit:"<6.0"

This will add the dependency to the require-dev section of your composer.json, and then install PHPUnit along with any dependencies.

You can now run PHPUnit using:

$ vendor/bin/phpunit

Using the PHAR File

After you have downloaded the phpunit.phar file, you can use it to run your tests:

php phpunit.phar

Tip

As a convenience you can make phpunit.phar available globally on Unix or Linux with the following:

chmod +x phpunit.phar
sudo mv phpunit.phar /usr/local/bin/phpunit
phpunit --version

Please refer to the PHPUnit documentation for instructions regarding Globally installing the PHPUnit PHAR on Windows.

Test Database Setup

Remember to have debug enabled in your config/app.php file before running any tests. Before running any tests you should be sure to add a test datasource configuration to config/app.php. This configuration is used by CakePHP for fixture tables and data:

'Datasources' => [
    'test' => [
        'datasource' => 'Cake\Database\Driver\Mysql',
        'persistent' => false,
        'host' => 'dbhost',
        'username' => 'dblogin',
        'password' => 'dbpassword',
        'database' => 'test_database'
    ],
],

Note

It’s a good idea to make the test database and your actual database different databases. This will prevent embarrassing mistakes later.

Checking the Test Setup

After installing PHPUnit and setting up your test datasource configuration you can make sure you’re ready to write and run your own tests by running your application’s tests:

# For phpunit.phar
$ php phpunit.phar

# For Composer installed phpunit
$ vendor/bin/phpunit

The above should run any tests you have, or let you know that no tests were run. To run a specific test you can supply the path to the test as a parameter to PHPUnit. For example, if you had a test case for ArticlesTable class you could run it with:

$ vendor/bin/phpunit tests/TestCase/Model/Table/ArticlesTableTest

You should see a green bar with some additional information about the tests run, and number passed.

Note

If you are on a Windows system you probably won’t see any colours.

Test Case Conventions

Like most things in CakePHP, test cases have some conventions. Concerning tests:

  1. PHP files containing tests should be in your tests/TestCase/[Type] directories.

  2. The filenames of these files should end in Test.php instead of just .php.

  3. The classes containing tests should extend Cake\TestSuite\TestCase, Cake\TestSuite\IntegrationTestCase or \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase.

  4. Like other classnames, the test case classnames should match the filename. RouterTest.php should contain class RouterTest extends TestCase.

  5. The name of any method containing a test (i.e. containing an assertion) should begin with test, as in testPublished(). You can also use the @test annotation to mark methods as test methods.

New in version 3.4.1: Support for PHPUnit 6 was addded. If you’re using a PHPUnit version lower than 5.7.0, your tests classes should either extends CakePHP’s classes or PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase.

Creating Your First Test Case

In the following example, we’ll create a test case for a very simple helper method. The helper we’re going to test will be formatting progress bar HTML. Our helper looks like:

namespace App\View\Helper;

use Cake\View\Helper;

class ProgressHelper extends Helper
{
    public function bar($value)
    {
        $width = round($value / 100, 2) * 100;
        return sprintf(
            '<div class="progress-container">
                <div class="progress-bar" style="width: %s%%"></div>
            </div>', $width);
    }
}

This is a very simple example, but it will be useful to show how you can create a simple test case. After creating and saving our helper, we’ll create the test case file in tests/TestCase/View/Helper/ProgressHelperTest.php. In that file we’ll start with the following:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\View\Helper;

use App\View\Helper\ProgressHelper;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;
use Cake\View\View;

class ProgressHelperTest extends TestCase
{
    public function setUp()
    {
    }

    public function testBar()
    {
    }
}

We’ll flesh out this skeleton in a minute. We’ve added two methods to start with. First is setUp(). This method is called before every test method in a test case class. Setup methods should initialize the objects needed for the test, and do any configuration needed. In our setup method we’ll add the following:

public function setUp()
{
    parent::setUp();
    $View = new View();
    $this->Progress = new ProgressHelper($View);
}

Calling the parent method is important in test cases, as TestCase::setUp() does a number things like backing up the values in Core\Configure and, storing the paths in Core\App.

Next, we’ll fill out the test method. We’ll use some assertions to ensure that our code creates the output we expect:

public function testBar()
{
    $result = $this->Progress->bar(90);
    $this->assertContains('width: 90%', $result);
    $this->assertContains('progress-bar', $result);

    $result = $this->Progress->bar(33.3333333);
    $this->assertContains('width: 33%', $result);
}

The above test is a simple one but shows the potential benefit of using test cases. We use assertContains() to ensure that our helper is returning a string that contains the content we expect. If the result did not contain the expected content the test would fail, and we would know that our code is incorrect.

By using test cases you can describe the relationship between a set of known inputs and their expected output. This helps you be more confident of the code you’re writing as you can ensure that the code you wrote fulfills the expectations and assertions your tests make. Additionally because tests are code, they are easy to re-run whenever you make a change. This helps prevent the creation of new bugs.

Note

EventManager is refreshed for each test method. This means that when running multiple tests at once, you will lose your event listeners that were registered in config/bootstrap.php as the bootstrap is only executed once.

Running Tests

Once you have PHPUnit installed and some test cases written, you’ll want to run the test cases very frequently. It’s a good idea to run tests before committing any changes to help ensure you haven’t broken anything.

By using phpunit you can run your application tests. To run your application’s tests you can simply run:

# composer installs
$ vendor/bin/phpunit

# phar file
php phpunit.phar

If you have cloned the CakePHP source from GitHub and wish to run CakePHP’s unit-tests don’t forget to execute the following Composer command prior to running phpunit so that any dependencies are installed:

$ composer install

From your application’s root directory. To run tests for a plugin that is part of your application source, first cd into the plugin directory, then use phpunit command that matches how you installed phpunit:

cd plugins

# Using composer installed phpunit
../vendor/bin/phpunit

# Using phar file
php ../phpunit.phar

To run tests on a standalone plugin, you should first install the project in a separate directory and install its dependencies:

git clone git://github.com/cakephp/debug_kit.git
cd debug_kit
php ~/composer.phar install
php ~/phpunit.phar

Filtering Test Cases

When you have larger test cases, you will often want to run a subset of the test methods when you are trying to work on a single failing case. With the CLI runner you can use an option to filter test methods:

$ phpunit --filter testSave tests/TestCase/Model/Table/ArticlesTableTest

The filter parameter is used as a case-sensitive regular expression for filtering which test methods to run.

Generating Code Coverage

You can generate code coverage reports from the command line using PHPUnit’s built-in code coverage tools. PHPUnit will generate a set of static HTML files containing the coverage results. You can generate coverage for a test case by doing the following:

$ phpunit --coverage-html webroot/coverage tests/TestCase/Model/Table/ArticlesTableTest

This will put the coverage results in your application’s webroot directory. You should be able to view the results by going to http://localhost/your_app/coverage.

If you are using PHP 5.6.0 or greater, you can use phpdbg to generate coverage instead of xdebug. phpdbg is generally faster at generating coverage:

$ phpdbg -qrr phpunit --coverage-html webroot/coverage tests/TestCase/Model/Table/ArticlesTableTest

Combining Test Suites for Plugins

Often times your application will be composed of several plugins. In these situations it can be pretty tedious to run tests for each plugin. You can make running tests for each of the plugins that compose your application by adding additional <testsuite> sections to your application’s phpunit.xml.dist file:

<testsuites>
    <testsuite name="app">
        <directory>./tests/TestCase/</directory>
    </testsuite>

    <!-- Add your plugin suites -->
    <testsuite name="forum">
        <directory>./plugins/Forum/tests/TestCase/</directory>
    </testsuite>
</testsuites>

Any additional test suites added to the <testsuites> element will automatically be run when you use phpunit.

If you are using <testsuites> to use fixtures from plugins that you have installed with composer, the plugin’s composer.json file should add the fixture namespace to the autoload section. Example:

"autoload-dev": {
    "psr-4": {
        "PluginName\\Test\\Fixture\\": "tests/Fixture/"
    }
},

Test Case Lifecycle Callbacks

Test cases have a number of lifecycle callbacks you can use when doing testing:

  • setUp is called before every test method. Should be used to create the objects that are going to be tested, and initialize any data for the test. Always remember to call parent::setUp()

  • tearDown is called after every test method. Should be used to cleanup after the test is complete. Always remember to call parent::tearDown().

  • setupBeforeClass is called once before test methods in a case are started. This method must be static.

  • tearDownAfterClass is called once after test methods in a case are started. This method must be static.

Fixtures

When testing code that depends on models and the database, one can use fixtures as a way to generate temporary data tables loaded with sample data that can be used by the test. The benefit of using fixtures is that your test has no chance of disrupting live application data. In addition, you can begin testing your code prior to actually developing live content for an application.

CakePHP uses the connection named test in your config/app.php configuration file. If this connection is not usable, an exception will be raised and you will not be able to use database fixtures.

CakePHP performs the following during the course of a fixture based test case:

  1. Creates tables for each of the fixtures needed.

  2. Populates tables with data, if data is provided in fixture.

  3. Runs test methods.

  4. Empties the fixture tables.

  5. Removes fixture tables from database.

Test Connections

By default CakePHP will alias each connection in your application. Each connection defined in your application’s bootstrap that does not start with test_ will have a test_ prefixed alias created. Aliasing connections ensures, you don’t accidentally use the wrong connection in test cases. Connection aliasing is transparent to the rest of your application. For example if you use the default connection, instead you will get the test connection in test cases. If you use the replica connection, the test suite will attempt to use test_replica.

PHPUnit Configuration

Before you can use fixtures you should double check that your phpunit.xml contains the fixture listener:

<!-- in phpunit.xml -->
<!-- Setup a listener for fixtures -->
<listeners>
    <listener
    class="\Cake\TestSuite\Fixture\FixtureInjector">
        <arguments>
            <object class="\Cake\TestSuite\Fixture\FixtureManager" />
        </arguments>
    </listener>
</listeners>

The listener is included in your application and plugins generated by bake by default.

Creating Fixtures

When creating a fixture you will mainly define two things: how the table is created (which fields are part of the table), and which records will be initially populated to the table. Let’s create our first fixture, that will be used to test our own Article model. Create a file named ArticlesFixture.php in your tests/Fixture directory, with the following content:

namespace App\Test\Fixture;

use Cake\TestSuite\Fixture\TestFixture;

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
      // Optional. Set this property to load fixtures to a different test datasource
      public $connection = 'test';

      public $fields = [
          'id' => ['type' => 'integer'],
          'title' => ['type' => 'string', 'length' => 255, 'null' => false],
          'body' => 'text',
          'published' => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => '0', 'null' => false],
          'created' => 'datetime',
          'modified' => 'datetime',
          '_constraints' => [
            'primary' => ['type' => 'primary', 'columns' => ['id']]
          ]
      ];
      public $records = [
          [
              'title' => 'First Article',
              'body' => 'First Article Body',
              'published' => '1',
              'created' => '2007-03-18 10:39:23',
              'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:41:31'
          ],
          [
              'title' => 'Second Article',
              'body' => 'Second Article Body',
              'published' => '1',
              'created' => '2007-03-18 10:41:23',
              'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:43:31'
          ],
          [
              'title' => 'Third Article',
              'body' => 'Third Article Body',
              'published' => '1',
              'created' => '2007-03-18 10:43:23',
              'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:45:31'
          ]
      ];
 }

Note

It is recommended to not manually add values to auto incremental columns, as it interferes with the sequence generation in PostgreSQL and SQLServer.

The $connection property defines the datasource of which the fixture will use. If your application uses multiple datasources, you should make the fixtures match the model’s datasources but prefixed with test_. For example if your model uses the mydb datasource, your fixture should use the test_mydb datasource. If the test_mydb connection doesn’t exist, your models will use the default test datasource. Fixture datasources must be prefixed with test to reduce the possibility of accidentally truncating all your application’s data when running tests.

We use $fields to specify which fields will be part of this table, and how they are defined. The format used to define these fields is the same used with Cake\Database\Schema\Table. The keys available for table definition are:

type

CakePHP internal data type. Currently supported:

  • string: maps to VARCHAR or CHAR

  • uuid: maps to UUID

  • text: maps to TEXT

  • integer: maps to INT

  • biginteger: maps to BIGINTEGER

  • decimal: maps to DECIMAL

  • float: maps to FLOAT

  • datetime: maps to DATETIME

  • timestamp: maps to TIMESTAMP

  • time: maps to TIME

  • date: maps to DATE

  • binary: maps to BLOB

fixed

Used with string types to create CHAR columns in platforms that support them.

length

Set to the specific length the field should take.

precision

Set the number of decimal places used on float & decimal fields.

null

Set to either true (to allow NULLs) or false (to disallow NULLs).

default

Default value the field takes.

We can define a set of records that will be populated after the fixture table is created. The format is fairly straight forward, $records is an array of records. Each item in $records should be a single row. Inside each row, should be an associative array of the columns and values for the row. Just keep in mind that each record in the $records array must have a key for every field specified in the $fields array. If a field for a particular record needs to have a null value, just specify the value of that key as null.

Dynamic Data and Fixtures

Since records for a fixture are declared as a class property, you cannot use functions or other dynamic data to define fixtures. To solve this problem, you can define $records in the init() function of your fixture. For example if you wanted all the created and modified timestamps to reflect today’s date you could do the following:

namespace App\Test\Fixture;

use Cake\TestSuite\Fixture\TestFixture;

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
    public $fields = [
        'id' => ['type' => 'integer'],
        'title' => ['type' => 'string', 'length' => 255, 'null' => false],
        'body' => 'text',
        'published' => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => '0', 'null' => false],
        'created' => 'datetime',
        'modified' => 'datetime',
        '_constraints' => [
            'primary' => ['type' => 'primary', 'columns' => ['id']],
        ]
    ];

    public function init()
    {
        $this->records = [
            [
                'title' => 'First Article',
                'body' => 'First Article Body',
                'published' => '1',
                'created' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
                'modified' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
            ],
        ];
        parent::init();
    }
}

When overriding init() remember to always call parent::init().

Importing Table Information

Defining the schema in fixture files can be really handy when creating plugins or libraries or if you are creating an application that needs to be portable between database vendors. Redefining the schema in fixtures can become difficult to maintain in larger applications. Because of this CakePHP provides the ability to import the schema from an existing connection and use the reflected table definition to create the table definition used in the test suite.

Let’s start with an example. Assuming you have a table named articles available in your application, change the example fixture given in the previous section (tests/Fixture/ArticlesFixture.php) to:

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
    public $import = ['table' => 'articles'];
}

If you want to use a different connection use:

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
    public $import = ['table' => 'articles', 'connection' => 'other'];
}

New in version 3.1.7.

Usually, you have a Table class along with your fixture, as well. You can also use that to retrieve the table name:

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
    public $import = ['model' => 'Articles'];
}

Since this uses TableRegistry::getTableLocator()->get(), it also supports plugin syntax.

You can naturally import your table definition from an existing model/table, but have your records defined directly on the fixture as it was shown on previous section. For example:

class ArticlesFixture extends TestFixture
{
    public $import = ['table' => 'articles'];
    public $records = [
        [
          'title' => 'First Article',
          'body' => 'First Article Body',
          'published' => '1',
          'created' => '2007-03-18 10:39:23',
          'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:41:31'
        ],
        [
          'title' => 'Second Article',
          'body' => 'Second Article Body',
          'published' => '1',
          'created' => '2007-03-18 10:41:23',
          'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:43:31'
        ],
        [
          'title' => 'Third Article',
          'body' => 'Third Article Body',
          'published' => '1',
          'created' => '2007-03-18 10:43:23',
          'modified' => '2007-03-18 10:45:31'
        ]
    ];
}

Finally, it’s possible to not load/create any schema in a fixture. This is useful if you already have a test database setup with all the empty tables created. By defining neither $fields nor $import, a fixture will only insert its records and truncate the records on each test method.

Loading Fixtures in your Test Cases

After you’ve created your fixtures, you’ll want to use them in your test cases. In each test case you should load the fixtures you will need. You should load a fixture for every model that will have a query run against it. To load fixtures you define the $fixtures property in your model:

class ArticlesTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Articles', 'app.Comments'];
}

Note

You can also override TestCase::getFixtures() instead of defining the $fixtures property:

public function getFixtures()
{
    return ['app.Articles', 'app.Comments'];
}

The above will load the Article and Comment fixtures from the application’s Fixture directory. You can also load fixtures from CakePHP core, or plugins:

class ArticlesTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = [
        'plugin.DebugKit.Articles',
        'plugin.MyVendorName/MyPlugin.Messages',
        'core.Comments'
    ];
}

Using the core prefix will load fixtures from CakePHP, and using a plugin name as the prefix, will load the fixture from the named plugin.

You can control when your fixtures are loaded by setting Cake\TestSuite\TestCase::$autoFixtures to false and later load them using Cake\TestSuite\TestCase::loadFixtures():

class ArticlesTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Articles', 'app.Comments'];
    public $autoFixtures = false;

    public function testMyFunction()
    {
        $this->loadFixtures('Articles', 'Comments');
    }
}

You can load fixtures in subdirectories. Using multiple directories can make it easier to organize your fixtures if you have a larger application. To load fixtures in subdirectories, simply include the subdirectory name in the fixture name:

class ArticlesTest extends CakeTestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Blog/Articles', 'app.Blog/Comments'];
}

In the above example, both fixtures would be loaded from tests/Fixture/Blog/.

Fixture Factories

As your application grows, so does the number and the size of your test fixtures. You might find it difficult to maintain them and to keep track of their content. The fixture factories plugin proposes an alternative for large sized applications.

The plugin uses its own phpunit listener which will perform the following actions:

  1. Run migrations once on the test DB (see the migrator).

  2. Truncate dirty tables before each test.

  3. Run tests.

The following command will help you bake your factories:

bin/cake bake fixture_factory -h

Once your factories are tuned, you are ready to create test fixtures in no time.

Unnecessary interaction with the database will slow down your tests as well as your application. You can create test fixtures without persisting them which can be useful for testing methods without DB interaction:

$article = ArticleFactory::make()->getEntity();

In order to persist:

$article = ArticleFactory::make()->persist();

The factories help creating associated fixtures too. Assuming that articles belongs to many authors, we can now, for example, create 5 articles each with 2 authors:

$articles = ArticleFactory::make(5)->with('Authors', 2)->getEntities();

Note that the fixture factories do not require any fixture creation or declaration. Still, they are fully compatible with the fixtures that come with cakephp. You will find additional insights and documentation here.

Testing Table Classes

Let’s say we already have our Articles Table class defined in src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php, and it looks like:

namespace App\Model\Table;

use Cake\ORM\Table;
use Cake\ORM\Query;

class ArticlesTable extends Table
{
    public function findPublished(Query $query, array $options)
    {
        $query->where([
            $this->alias() . '.published' => 1
        ]);
        return $query;
    }
}

We now want to set up a test that will test this table class. Let’s now create a file named ArticlesTableTest.php in your tests/TestCase/Model/Table directory, with the following contents:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Model\Table;

use App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable;
use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class ArticlesTableTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Articles'];
}

In our test cases’ variable $fixtures we define the set of fixtures that we’ll use. You should remember to include all the fixtures that will have queries run against them.

Creating a Test Method

Let’s now add a method to test the function published() in the Articles table. Edit the file tests/TestCase/Model/Table/ArticlesTableTest.php so it now looks like this:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Model\Table;

use App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable;
use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class ArticlesTableTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Articles'];

    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->Articles = TableRegistry::getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
    }

    public function testFindPublished()
    {
        $query = $this->Articles->find('published');
        $this->assertInstanceOf('Cake\ORM\Query', $query);
        $result = $query->enableHydration(false)->toArray();
        $expected = [
            ['id' => 1, 'title' => 'First Article'],
            ['id' => 2, 'title' => 'Second Article'],
            ['id' => 3, 'title' => 'Third Article']
        ];

        $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
    }
}

You can see we have added a method called testFindPublished(). We start by creating an instance of our ArticlesTable class, and then run our find('published') method. In $expected we set what we expect should be the proper result (that we know since we have defined which records are initially populated to the article table.) We test that the result equals our expectation by using the assertEquals() method. See the Running Tests section for more information on how to run your test case.

Using the fixture factories, the test would now look like this:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Model\Table;

use App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable;
use App\Test\Factory\ArticleFactory;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class ArticlesTableTest extends TestCase
{
    public function setUp(): void
    { ... }

    public function testFindPublished(): void
    {
        // Persist 3 published articles
        $articles = ArticleFactory::make(['published' => 1], 3)->persist();
        // Persist 2 unpublished articles
        ArticleFactory::make(['published' => 0], 2)->persist();

        $result = $this->Articles->find('published')->find('list')->toArray();

        $expected = [
            $articles[0]->id => $articles[0]->title,
            $articles[1]->id => $articles[1]->title,
            $articles[2]->id => $articles[2]->title,
        ];

        $this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
    }
}

No fixtures need to be loaded. The 5 articles created will exist only in this test.

Mocking Model Methods

There will be times you’ll want to mock methods on models when testing them. You should use getMockForModel to create testing mocks of table classes. It avoids issues with reflected properties that normal mocks have:

public function testSendingEmails()
{
    $model = $this->getMockForModel('EmailVerification', ['send']);
    $model->expects($this->once())
        ->method('send')
        ->will($this->returnValue(true));

    $model->verifyEmail('[email protected]');
}

In your tearDown() method be sure to remove the mock with:

TableRegistry::clear();

Controller Integration Testing

While you can test controller classes in a similar fashion to Helpers, Models, and Components, CakePHP offers a specialized IntegrationTestTrait trait. Using this trait in your controller test cases allows you to test controllers from a high level.

New in version 3.7.0: The IntegrationTestCase class was moved into the IntegrationTestTrait trait.

If you are unfamiliar with integration testing, it is a testing approach that makes it easy to test multiple units in concert. The integration testing features in CakePHP simulate an HTTP request being handled by your application. For example, testing your controller will also exercise any components, models and helpers that would be involved in handling a given request. This gives you a more high level test of your application and all its working parts.

Say you have a typical ArticlesController, and its corresponding model. The controller code looks like:

namespace App\Controller;

use App\Controller\AppController;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public $helpers = ['Form', 'Html'];

    public function index($short = null)
    {
        if ($this->request->is('post')) {
            $article = $this->Articles->newEntity($this->request->getData());
            if ($this->Articles->save($article)) {
                // Redirect as per PRG pattern
                return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
            }
        }
        if (!empty($short)) {
            $result = $this->Articles->find('all', [
                'fields' => ['id', 'title']
            ]);
        } else {
            $result = $this->Articles->find();
        }

        $this->set([
            'title' => 'Articles',
            'articles' => $result
        ]);
    }
}

Create a file named ArticlesControllerTest.php in your tests/TestCase/Controller directory and put the following inside:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Controller;

use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
use Cake\TestSuite\IntegrationTestTrait;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class ArticlesControllerTest extends TestCase
{
    use IntegrationTestTrait;

    public $fixtures = ['app.Articles'];

    public function testIndex()
    {
        $this->get('/articles');

        $this->assertResponseOk();
        // More asserts.
    }

    public function testIndexQueryData()
    {
        $this->get('/articles?page=1');

        $this->assertResponseOk();
        // More asserts.
    }

    public function testIndexShort()
    {
        $this->get('/articles/index/short');

        $this->assertResponseOk();
        $this->assertResponseContains('Articles');
        // More asserts.
    }

    public function testIndexPostData()
    {
        $data = [
            'user_id' => 1,
            'published' => 1,
            'slug' => 'new-article',
            'title' => 'New Article',
            'body' => 'New Body'
        ];
        $this->post('/articles', $data);

        $this->assertResponseSuccess();
        $articles = TableRegistry::getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
        $query = $articles->find()->where(['title' => $data['title']]);
        $this->assertEquals(1, $query->count());
    }
}

This example shows a few of the request sending methods and a few of the assertions that IntegrationTestTrait provides. Before you can do any assertions you’ll need to dispatch a request. You can use one of the following methods to send a request:

  • get() Sends a GET request.

  • post() Sends a POST request.

  • put() Sends a PUT request.

  • delete() Sends a DELETE request.

  • patch() Sends a PATCH request.

  • options() Sends an OPTIONS request.

  • head() Sends a HEAD request.

All of the methods except get() and delete() accept a second parameter that allows you to send a request body. After dispatching a request you can use the various assertions provided by IntegrationTestTrait or PHPUnit to ensure your request had the correct side-effects.

New in version 3.5.0: options() and head() were added in 3.5.0.

Setting up the Request

The IntegrationTestTrait trait comes with a number of helpers to make it easy to configure the requests you will send to your application under test:

// Set cookies
$this->cookie('name', 'Uncle Bob');

// Set session data
$this->session(['Auth.User.id' => 1]);

// Configure headers
$this->configRequest([
    'headers' => ['Accept' => 'application/json']
]);

The state set by these helper methods is reset in the tearDown() method.

Testing Actions That Require Authentication

If you are using AuthComponent you will need to stub out the session data that AuthComponent uses to validate a user’s identity. You can use helper methods in IntegrationTestTrait to do this. Assuming you had an ArticlesController that contained an add method, and that add method required authentication, you could write the following tests:

public function testAddUnauthenticatedFails()
{
    // No session data set.
    $this->get('/articles/add');

    $this->assertRedirect(['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'login']);
}

public function testAddAuthenticated()
{
    // Set session data
    $this->session([
        'Auth' => [
            'User' => [
                'id' => 1,
                'username' => 'testing',
                // other keys.
            ]
        ]
    ]);
    $this->get('/articles/add');

    $this->assertResponseOk();
    // Other assertions.
}

Testing Stateless Authentication and APIs

To test APIs that use stateless authentication, such as Basic authentication, you can configure the request to inject environment conditions or headers that simulate actual authentication request headers.

When testing Basic or Digest Authentication, you can add the environment variables that PHP creates automatically. These environment variables used in the authentication adapter outlined in Using Basic Authentication:

public function testBasicAuthentication()
{
    $this->configRequest([
        'environment' => [
            'PHP_AUTH_USER' => 'username',
            'PHP_AUTH_PW' => 'password',
        ]
    ]);

    $this->get('/api/posts');
    $this->assertResponseOk();
}

If you are testing other forms of authentication, such as OAuth2, you can set the Authorization header directly:

public function testOauthToken()
{
    $this->configRequest([
        'headers' => [
            'authorization' => 'Bearer: oauth-token'
        ]
    ]);

    $this->get('/api/posts');
    $this->assertResponseOk();
}

The headers key in configRequest() can be used to configure any additional HTTP headers needed for an action.

Testing Actions Protected by CsrfComponent or SecurityComponent

When testing actions protected by either SecurityComponent or CsrfComponent you can enable automatic token generation to ensure your tests won’t fail due to token mismatches:

public function testAdd()
{
    $this->enableCsrfToken();
    $this->enableSecurityToken();
    $this->post('/posts/add', ['title' => 'Exciting news!']);
}

It is also important to enable debug in tests that use tokens to prevent the SecurityComponent from thinking the debug token is being used in a non-debug environment. When testing with other methods like requireSecure() you can use configRequest() to set the correct environment variables:

// Fake out SSL connections.
$this->configRequest([
    'environment' => ['HTTPS' => 'on']
]);

If your action requires unlocked fields you can declare them with setUnlockedFields():

$this->setUnlockedFields(['dynamic_field']);

New in version 3.1.2: The enableCsrfToken() and enableSecurityToken() methods were added in 3.1.2

New in version 3.8.3: The setUnlockedFields() method was added.

Integration Testing PSR-7 Middleware

Integration testing can also be used to test your entire PSR-7 application and Middleware. By default IntegrationTestTrait will auto-detect the presence of an App\Application class and automatically enable integration testing of your Application. You can toggle this behavior with the useHttpServer() method:

public function setUp()
{
    // Enable PSR-7 integration testing.
    $this->useHttpServer(true);

    // Disable PSR-7 integration testing.
    $this->useHttpServer(false);
}

You can customize the application class name used, and the constructor arguments, by using the configApplication() method:

public function setUp()
{
    $this->configApplication('App\App', [CONFIG]);
}

After enabling the PSR-7 mode, and possibly configuring your application class, you can use the remaining IntegrationTestTrait features as normal.

You should also take care to try and use Application::bootstrap() to load any plugins containing events/routes. Doing so will ensure that your events/routes are connected for each test case. Alternatively if you wish to load plugins manually in a test you can use the loadPlugins() method:

use Cake\Routing\Router;

public function testRouteCount()
{
    // Assert the amount of routes from the application, without loading plugins
    $this->assertCount(35, Router::routes(), 'App route count does not match');

    // Assert the amount of routes from the application including a specific plugin "SomePlugin"
    $this->loadPlugins(['SomePlugin']);
    $this->assertCount(40, Router::routes(), 'App & SomePlugin route count does not match');

    // Assert the amount of routes from the application including all plugins
    $this->loadPlugins();
    $this->assertCount(60, Router::routes(), 'App & plugin route count does not match');
}

New in version 3.3.0: PSR-7 Middleware and the useHttpServer() method were added in 3.3.0.

Testing with Encrypted Cookies

If you use the Cake\Controller\Component\CookieComponent in your controllers, your cookies are likely encrypted. As of 3.1.7, CakePHP provides helper methods for interacting with encrypted cookies in your test cases:

// Set a cookie using AES and the default key.
$this->cookieEncrypted('my_cookie', 'Some secret values');

// Assume this action modifies the cookie.
$this->get('/bookmarks/index');

$this->assertCookieEncrypted('An updated value', 'my_cookie');

New in version 3.1.7: assertCookieEncrypted and cookieEncrypted were added in 3.1.7.

Testing Flash Messages

If you want to assert the presence of flash messages in the session and not the rendered HTML, you can use enableRetainFlashMessages() in your tests to retain flash messages in the session so you can write assertions:

$this->enableRetainFlashMessages();
$this->get('/bookmarks/delete/9999');

$this->assertSession('That bookmark does not exist', 'Flash.flash.0.message');

As of 3.7.0 there are additional test helpers for flash messages:

$this->enableRetainFlashMessages();
$this->get('/bookmarks/delete/9999');

// Assert a flash message in the 'flash' key.
$this->assertFlashMessage('Bookmark deleted', 'flash');

// Assert the second flash message, also  in the 'flash' key.
$this->assertFlashMessageAt(1, 'Bookmark really deleted');

// Assert a flash message in the 'auth' key at the first position
$this->assertFlashMessageAt(0, 'You are not allowed to enter this dungeon!', 'auth');

// Assert a flash messages uses the error element
$this->assertFlashElement('Flash/error');

// Assert the second flash message element
$this->assertFlashElementAt(1, 'Flash/error');

New in version 3.4.7: enableRetainFlashMessages() was added in 3.4.7

New in version 3.7.0: Flash message assertions were added.

Testing a JSON Responding Controller

JSON is a friendly and common format to use when building a web service. Testing the endpoints of your web service is very simple with CakePHP. Let us begin with a simple example controller that responds in JSON:

class MarkersController extends AppController
{
    public function initialize()
    {
        parent::initialize();
        $this->loadComponent('RequestHandler');
    }

    public function view($id)
    {
        $marker = $this->Markers->get($id);
        $this->set([
            '_serialize' => ['marker'],
            'marker' => $marker,
        ]);
    }
}

Now we create the file tests/TestCase/Controller/MarkersControllerTest.php and make sure our web service is returning the proper response:

class MarkersControllerTest extends IntegrationTestCase
{
    public function testGet()
    {
        $this->configRequest([
            'headers' => ['Accept' => 'application/json']
        ]);
        $result = $this->get('/markers/view/1.json');

        // Check that the response was a 200
        $this->assertResponseOk();

        $expected = [
            ['id' => 1, 'lng' => 66, 'lat' => 45],
        ];
        $expected = json_encode($expected, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT);
        $this->assertEquals($expected, (string)$this->_response->getBody());
    }
}

We use the JSON_PRETTY_PRINT option as CakePHP’s built in JsonView will use that option when debug is enabled.

Disabling Error Handling Middleware in Tests

When debugging tests that are failing because your application is encountering errors it can be helpful to temporarily disable the error handling middleware to allow the underlying error to bubble up. You can use disableErrorHandlerMiddleware() to do this:

public function testGetMissing()
{
    $this->disableErrorHandlerMiddleware();
    $this->get('/markers/not-there');
    $this->assertResponseCode(404);
}

In the above example, the test would fail and the underlying exception message and stack trace would be displayed instead of the rendered error page being checked.

New in version 3.5.0.

Assertion methods

The IntegrationTestTrait trait provides a number of assertion methods that make testing responses much simpler. Some examples are:

// Check for a 2xx response code
$this->assertResponseOk();

// Check for a 2xx/3xx response code
$this->assertResponseSuccess();

// Check for a 4xx response code
$this->assertResponseError();

// Check for a 5xx response code
$this->assertResponseFailure();

// Check for a specific response code, e.g. 200
$this->assertResponseCode(200);

// Check the Location header
$this->assertRedirect(['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'index']);

// Check that no Location header has been set
$this->assertNoRedirect();

// Check a part of the Location header
$this->assertRedirectContains('/articles/edit/');

// Added in 3.7.0
$this->assertRedirectNotContains('/articles/edit/');

// Assert not empty response content
$this->assertResponseNotEmpty();

// Assert empty response content
$this->assertResponseEmpty();

// Assert response content
$this->assertResponseEquals('Yeah!');

// Assert response content doesn't equal
$this->assertResponseNotEquals('No!');

// Assert partial response content
$this->assertResponseContains('You won!');
$this->assertResponseNotContains('You lost!');

// Assert file sent back
$this->assertFileResponse('/absolute/path/to/file.ext');

// Assert layout
$this->assertLayout('default');

// Assert which template was rendered (if any)
$this->assertTemplate('index');

// Assert data in the session
$this->assertSession(1, 'Auth.User.id');

// Assert response header.
$this->assertHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
$this->assertHeaderContains('Content-Type', 'html');

// Added in 3.7.0
$this->assertHeaderNotContains('Content-Type', 'xml');

// Assert view variables
$user =  $this->viewVariable('user');
$this->assertEquals('jose', $user->username);

// Assert cookies in the response
$this->assertCookie('1', 'thingid');

// Check the content type
$this->assertContentType('application/json');

In addition to the above assertion methods, you can also use all of the assertions in TestSuite and those found in PHPUnit.

Comparing test results to a file

For some types of test, it may be easier to compare the result of a test to the contents of a file - for example, when testing the rendered output of a view. The StringCompareTrait adds a simple assert method for this purpose.

Usage involves using the trait, setting the comparison base path and calling assertSameAsFile:

use Cake\TestSuite\StringCompareTrait;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class SomeTest extends TestCase
{
    use StringCompareTrait;

    public function setUp()
    {
        $this->_compareBasePath = APP . 'tests' . DS . 'comparisons' . DS;
        parent::setUp();
    }

    public function testExample()
    {
        $result = ...;
        $this->assertSameAsFile('example.php', $result);
    }
}

The above example will compare $result to the contents of the file APP/tests/comparisons/example.php.

A mechanism is provided to write/update test files, by setting the environment variable UPDATE_TEST_COMPARISON_FILES, which will create and/or update test comparison files as they are referenced:

phpunit
...
FAILURES!
Tests: 6, Assertions: 7, Failures: 1

UPDATE_TEST_COMPARISON_FILES=1 phpunit
...
OK (6 tests, 7 assertions)

git status
...
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   tests/comparisons/example.php

Console Integration Testing

See Testing Commands for information on testing shells and commands.

Testing Views

Generally most applications will not directly test their HTML code. Doing so is often results in fragile, difficult to maintain test suites that are prone to breaking. When writing functional tests using IntegrationTestTrait you can inspect the rendered view content by setting the return option to ‘view’. While it is possible to test view content using IntegrationTestTrait, a more robust and maintainable integration/view testing can be accomplished using tools like Selenium webdriver.

Testing Components

Let’s pretend we have a component called PagematronComponent in our application. This component helps us set the pagination limit value across all the controllers that use it. Here is our example component located in src/Controller/Component/PagematronComponent.php:

class PagematronComponent extends Component
{
    public $controller = null;

    public function setController($controller)
    {
        $this->controller = $controller;
        // Make sure the controller is using pagination
        if (!isset($this->controller->paginate)) {
            $this->controller->paginate = [];
        }
    }

    public function startup(Event $event)
    {
        $this->setController($event->getSubject());
    }

    public function adjust($length = 'short')
    {
        switch ($length) {
            case 'long':
                $this->controller->paginate['limit'] = 100;
            break;
            case 'medium':
                $this->controller->paginate['limit'] = 50;
            break;
            default:
                $this->controller->paginate['limit'] = 20;
            break;
        }
    }
}

Now we can write tests to ensure our paginate limit parameter is being set correctly by the adjust() method in our component. We create the file tests/TestCase/Controller/Component/PagematronComponentTest.php:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Controller\Component;

use App\Controller\Component\PagematronComponent;
use Cake\Controller\Controller;
use Cake\Controller\ComponentRegistry;
use Cake\Event\Event;
use Cake\Http\ServerRequest;
use Cake\Http\Response;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class PagematronComponentTest extends TestCase
{
    protected $component;
    protected $controller;

    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        // Setup our component and fake test controller
        $request = new ServerRequest();
        $response = new Response();
        $this->controller = $this->getMockBuilder('Cake\Controller\Controller')
            ->setConstructorArgs([$request, $response])
            ->setMethods(null)
            ->getMock();
        $registry = new ComponentRegistry($this->controller);
        $this->component = new PagematronComponent($registry);
        $event = new Event('Controller.startup', $this->controller);
        $this->component->startup($event);
    }

    public function testAdjust()
    {
        // Test our adjust method with different parameter settings
        $this->component->adjust();
        $this->assertEquals(20, $this->controller->paginate['limit']);

        $this->component->adjust('medium');
        $this->assertEquals(50, $this->controller->paginate['limit']);

        $this->component->adjust('long');
        $this->assertEquals(100, $this->controller->paginate['limit']);
    }

    public function tearDown()
    {
        parent::tearDown();
        // Clean up after we're done
        unset($this->component, $this->controller);
    }
}

Testing Helpers

Since a decent amount of logic resides in Helper classes, it’s important to make sure those classes are covered by test cases.

First we create an example helper to test. The CurrencyRendererHelper will help us display currencies in our views and for simplicity only has one method usd():

// src/View/Helper/CurrencyRendererHelper.php
namespace App\View\Helper;

use Cake\View\Helper;

class CurrencyRendererHelper extends Helper
{
    public function usd($amount)
    {
        return 'USD ' . number_format($amount, 2, '.', ',');
    }
}

Here we set the decimal places to 2, decimal separator to dot, thousands separator to comma, and prefix the formatted number with ‘USD’ string.

Now we create our tests:

// tests/TestCase/View/Helper/CurrencyRendererHelperTest.php

namespace App\Test\TestCase\View\Helper;

use App\View\Helper\CurrencyRendererHelper;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;
use Cake\View\View;

class CurrencyRendererHelperTest extends TestCase
{
    public $helper = null;

    // Here we instantiate our helper
    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $View = new View();
        $this->helper = new CurrencyRendererHelper($View);
    }

    // Testing the usd() function
    public function testUsd()
    {
        $this->assertEquals('USD 5.30', $this->helper->usd(5.30));

        // We should always have 2 decimal digits
        $this->assertEquals('USD 1.00', $this->helper->usd(1));
        $this->assertEquals('USD 2.05', $this->helper->usd(2.05));

        // Testing the thousands separator
        $this->assertEquals(
          'USD 12,000.70',
          $this->helper->usd(12000.70)
        );
    }
}

Here, we call usd() with different parameters and tell the test suite to check if the returned values are equal to what is expected.

Save this and execute the test. You should see a green bar and messaging indicating 1 pass and 4 assertions.

When you are testing a Helper which uses other helpers, be sure to mock the View clases loadHelpers method.

Testing Events

The Events System is a great way to decouple your application code, but sometimes when testing, you tend to test the results of events in the test cases that execute those events. This is an additional form of coupling that can be removed by using assertEventFired and assertEventFiredWith instead.

Expanding on the Orders example, say we have the following tables:

class OrdersTable extends Table
{
    public function place($order)
    {
        if ($this->save($order)) {
            // moved cart removal to CartsTable
            $event = new Event('Model.Order.afterPlace', $this, [
                'order' => $order
            ]);
            $this->eventManager()->dispatch($event);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

class CartsTable extends Table
{
    public function implementedEvents()
    {
        return [
            'Model.Order.afterPlace' => 'removeFromCart'
        ];
    }

    public function removeFromCart(Event $event)
    {
        $order = $event->getData('order');
        $this->delete($order->cart_id);
    }
}

Note

To assert that events are fired, you must first enable Tracking Events on the event manager you wish to assert against.

To test the OrdersTable above, we enable tracking in setUp() then assert that the event was fired, and assert that the $order entity was passed in the event data:

namespace App\Test\TestCase\Model\Table;

use App\Model\Table\OrdersTable;
use Cake\Event\EventList;
use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class OrdersTableTest extends TestCase
{
    public $fixtures = ['app.Orders'];

    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->Orders = TableRegistry::getTableLocator()->get('Orders');
        // enable event tracking
        $this->Orders->getEventManager()->setEventList(new EventList());
    }

    public function testPlace()
    {
        $order = new Order([
            'user_id' => 1,
            'item' => 'Cake',
            'quantity' => 42,
        ]);

        $this->assertTrue($this->Orders->place($order));

        $this->assertEventFired('Model.Order.afterPlace', $this->Orders->getEventManager());
        $this->assertEventFiredWith('Model.Order.afterPlace', 'order', $order, $this->Orders->getEventManager());
    }
}

By default, the global EventManager is used for assertions, so testing global events does not require passing the event manager:

$this->assertEventFired('My.Global.Event');
$this->assertEventFiredWith('My.Global.Event', 'user', 1);

New in version 3.2.11: Event tracking, assertEventFired(), and assertEventFiredWith were added.

Testing Email

See Testing Email for information on testing email.

Creating Test Suites

If you want several of your tests to run at the same time, you can create a test suite. A test suite is composed of several test cases. You can either create test suites in your application’s phpunit.xml file. A simple example would be:

<testsuites>
  <testsuite name="Models">
    <directory>src/Model</directory>
    <file>src/Service/UserServiceTest.php</file>
    <exclude>src/Model/Cloud/ImagesTest.php</exclude>
  </testsuite>
</testsuites>

Creating Tests for Plugins

Tests for plugins are created in their own directory inside the plugins folder.

/src
/plugins
    /Blog
        /tests
            /TestCase
            /Fixture

They work just like normal tests but you have to remember to use the naming conventions for plugins when importing classes. This is an example of a testcase for the BlogPost model from the plugins chapter of this manual. A difference from other tests is in the first line where ‘Blog.BlogPost’ is imported. You also need to prefix your plugin fixtures with plugin.Blog.BlogPosts:

namespace Blog\Test\TestCase\Model\Table;

use Blog\Model\Table\BlogPostsTable;
use Cake\TestSuite\TestCase;

class BlogPostsTableTest extends TestCase
{
    // Plugin fixtures located in /plugins/Blog/tests/Fixture/
    public $fixtures = ['plugin.Blog.BlogPosts'];

    public function testSomething()
    {
        // Test something.
    }
}

If you want to use plugin fixtures in the app tests you can reference them using plugin.pluginName.fixtureName syntax in the $fixtures array. Additionally if you use vendor plugin name or fixture directories you can use the following: plugin.vendorName/pluginName.folderName/fixtureName.

Before you can use fixtures you should ensure you have the fixture listener configured in your phpunit.xml file. You should also ensure that your fixtures are loadable. Ensure the following is present in your composer.json file:

"autoload-dev": {
    "psr-4": {
        "MyPlugin\\Test\\": "plugins/MyPlugin/tests/"
    }
}

Note

Remember to run composer.phar dump-autoload when adding new autoload mappings.

Generating Tests with Bake

If you use bake to generate scaffolding, it will also generate test stubs. If you need to re-generate test case skeletons, or if you want to generate test skeletons for code you wrote, you can use bake:

bin/cake bake test <type> <name>

<type> should be one of:

  1. Entity

  2. Table

  3. Controller

  4. Component

  5. Behavior

  6. Helper

  7. Shell

  8. Task

  9. ShellHelper

  10. Cell

  11. Form

  12. Mailer

  13. Command

While <name> should be the name of the object you want to bake a test skeleton for.

Integration with Jenkins

Jenkins is a continuous integration server, that can help you automate the running of your test cases. This helps ensure that all your tests stay passing and your application is always ready.

Integrating a CakePHP application with Jenkins is fairly straightforward. The following assumes you’ve already installed Jenkins on *nix system, and are able to administer it. You also know how to create jobs, and run builds. If you are unsure of any of these, refer to the Jenkins documentation .

Create a Job

Start off by creating a job for your application, and connect your repository so that jenkins can access your code.

Add Test Database Config

Using a separate database just for Jenkins is generally a good idea, as it stops bleed through and avoids a number of basic problems. Once you’ve created a new database in a database server that jenkins can access (usually localhost). Add a shell script step to the build that contains the following:

cat > config/app_local.php <<'CONFIG'
<?php
return [
    'Datasources' => [
        'test' => [
            'datasource' => 'Database/Mysql',
            'host'       => 'localhost',
            'database'   => 'jenkins_test',
            'username'      => 'jenkins',
            'password'   => 'cakephp_jenkins',
            'encoding'   => 'utf8'
        ]
    ]
];
CONFIG

Then uncomment the following line in your config/bootstrap.php file:

//Configure::load('app_local', 'default');

By creating an app_local.php file, you have an easy way to define configuration specific to Jenkins. You can use this same configuration file to override any other configuration files you need on Jenkins.

It’s often a good idea to drop and re-create the database before each build as well. This insulates you from chained failures, where one broken build causes others to fail. Add another shell script step to the build that contains the following:

mysql -u jenkins -pcakephp_jenkins -e 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS jenkins_test; CREATE DATABASE jenkins_test';

Add your Tests

Add another shell script step to your build. In this step install your dependencies and run the tests for your application. Creating a junit log file, or clover coverage is often a nice bonus, as it gives you a nice graphical view of your testing results:

# Download Composer if it is missing.
test -f 'composer.phar' || curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
# Install dependencies
php composer.phar install
vendor/bin/phpunit --log-junit junit.xml --coverage-clover clover.xml

If you use clover coverage, or the junit results, make sure to configure those in Jenkins as well. Failing to configure those steps will mean you won’t see the results.

Run a Build

You should be able to run a build now. Check the console output and make any necessary changes to get a passing build.