Bookmarker Tutorial¶

Getting CakePHP¶

The easiest way to install CakePHP is to use Composer. Composer is a simple way of installing CakePHP from your terminal or command line prompt. First, you’ll need to download and install Composer if you haven’t done so already. If you have cURL installed run the following:

curl -s https://getcomposer.org/installer | php

Or, you can download composer.phar from the Composer website.

Then simply type the following line in your terminal from your installation directory to install the CakePHP application skeleton in the bookmarker directory:

php composer.phar create-project --prefer-dist cakephp/app:4.* bookmarker

If you downloaded and ran the Composer Windows Installer, then type the following line in your terminal from your installation directory (ie. C:\wamp\www\dev\cakephp3):

composer self-update && composer create-project --prefer-dist cakephp/app:4.* bookmarker

The advantage to using Composer is that it will automatically complete some important set up tasks, such as setting the correct file permissions and creating your config/app.php file for you.

There are other ways to install CakePHP. If you cannot or don’t want to use Composer, check out the Installation section.

Regardless of how you downloaded and installed CakePHP, once your set up is completed, your directory setup should look something like the following:

/bookmarker
    /bin
    /config
    /logs
    /plugins
    /src
    /tests
    /tmp
    /vendor
    /webroot
    .editorconfig
    .gitignore
    .htaccess
    .travis.yml
    composer.json
    index.php
    phpunit.xml.dist
    README.md

Now might be a good time to learn a bit about how CakePHP’s directory structure works: check out the CakePHP Folder Structure section.

Checking our Installation¶

We can quickly check that our installation is correct, by checking the default home page. Before you can do that, you’ll need to start the development server:

bin/cake server

This will start PHP’s built-in webserver on port 8765. Open up http://localhost:8765 in your web browser to see the welcome page. All the bullet points should be checkmarks other than CakePHP being able to connect to your database. If not, you may need to install additional PHP extensions, or set directory permissions.

Creating the Database¶

Next, let’s set up the database for our bookmarking application. If you haven’t already done so, create an empty database for use in this tutorial, with the name of your choice such as cake_bookmarks. You can execute the following SQL to create the necessary tables:

CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    created DATETIME,
    modified DATETIME
);

CREATE TABLE bookmarks (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(50),
    description TEXT,
    url TEXT,
    created DATETIME,
    modified DATETIME,
    FOREIGN KEY user_key (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)
);

CREATE TABLE tags (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    title VARCHAR(191),
    created DATETIME,
    modified DATETIME,
    UNIQUE KEY (title)
);

CREATE TABLE bookmarks_tags (
    bookmark_id INT NOT NULL,
    tag_id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (bookmark_id, tag_id),
    FOREIGN KEY tag_key(tag_id) REFERENCES tags(id),
    FOREIGN KEY bookmark_key(bookmark_id) REFERENCES bookmarks(id)
);

If you are using PostgreSQL, connect to cake_bookmarks database and execute the following SQL instead:

CREATE TABLE users (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    created TIMESTAMP,
    modified TIMESTAMP
);

CREATE TABLE bookmarks (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(50),
    description TEXT,
    url TEXT,
    created TIMESTAMP,
    modified TIMESTAMP,
    FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)
);

CREATE TABLE tags (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    title VARCHAR(255),
    created TIMESTAMP,
    modified TIMESTAMP,
    UNIQUE (title)
);

CREATE TABLE bookmarks_tags (
    bookmark_id INT NOT NULL,
    tag_id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (bookmark_id, tag_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (tag_id) REFERENCES tags(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (bookmark_id) REFERENCES bookmarks(id)
);

You may have noticed that the bookmarks_tags table used a composite primary key. CakePHP supports composite primary keys almost everywhere, making it easier to build multi-tenanted applications.

The table and column names we used were not arbitrary. By using CakePHP’s naming conventions, we can leverage CakePHP better and avoid having to configure the framework. CakePHP is flexible enough to accommodate even inconsistent legacy database schemas, but adhering to the conventions will save you time.

Database Configuration¶

Next, let’s tell CakePHP where our database is and how to connect to it. For many, this will be the first and last time you will need to configure anything.

The configuration should be pretty straightforward: just replace the values in the Datasources.default array in the config/app.php file with those that apply to your setup. A sample completed configuration array might look something like the following:

return [
    // More configuration above.
    'Datasources' => [
        'default' => [
            'className' => 'Cake\Database\Connection',
            'driver' => 'Cake\Database\Driver\Mysql',
            'persistent' => false,
            'host' => 'localhost',
            'username' => 'cakephp',
            'password' => 'AngelF00dC4k3~',
            'database' => 'cake_bookmarks',
            'encoding' => 'utf8',
            'timezone' => 'UTC',
            'cacheMetadata' => true,
        ],
    ],
    // More configuration below.
];

Once you’ve saved your config/app.php file, you should see that ‘CakePHP is able to connect to the database’ section have a checkmark.

Generating Scaffold Code¶

Because our database is following the CakePHP conventions, we can use the bake console application to quickly generate a basic application. In your command line run the following commands:

// On Windows you'll need to use bin\cake instead.
bin/cake bake all users
bin/cake bake all bookmarks
bin/cake bake all tags

This will generate the controllers, models, views, their corresponding test cases, and fixtures for our users, bookmarks and tags resources. If you’ve stopped your server, restart it and go to http://localhost:8765/bookmarks.

You should see a basic but functional application providing data access to your application’s database tables. Once you’re at the list of bookmarks, add a few users, bookmarks, and tags.

Adding Password Hashing¶

When you created your users (by visiting http://localhost:8765/users), you probably noticed that the passwords were stored in plain text. This is pretty bad from a security point of view, so let’s get that fixed.

This is also a good time to talk about the model layer in CakePHP. In CakePHP, we separate the methods that operate on a collection of objects, and a single object into different classes. Methods that operate on the collection of entities are put in the Table class, while features belonging to a single record are put on the Entity class.

For example, password hashing is done on the individual record, so we’ll implement this behavior on the entity object. Because, we want to hash the password each time it is set, we’ll use a mutator/setter method. CakePHP will call convention based setter methods any time a property is set in one of your entities. Let’s add a setter for the password. In src/Model/Entity/User.php add the following:

namespace App\Model\Entity;

use Cake\Auth\DefaultPasswordHasher; //include this line
use Cake\ORM\Entity;

class User extends Entity
{
    // Code from bake.

    protected function _setPassword($value)
    {
        $hasher = new DefaultPasswordHasher();

        return $hasher->hash($value);
    }
}

Now update one of the users you created earlier, if you change their password, you should see a hashed password instead of the original value on the list or view pages. CakePHP hashes passwords with bcrypt by default. You can also use sha1 or md5 if you’re working with an existing database.

Getting Bookmarks with a Specific Tag¶

Now that we’re storing passwords safely, we can build out some more interesting features in our application. Once you’ve amassed a collection of bookmarks, it is helpful to be able to search through them by tag. Next we’ll implement a route, controller action, and finder method to search through bookmarks by tag.

Ideally, we’d have a URL that looks like http://localhost:8765/bookmarks/tagged/funny/cat/gifs. This would let us find all the bookmarks that have the ‘funny’, ‘cat’ or ‘gifs’ tags. Before we can implement this, we’ll add a new route. Your config/routes.php should look like:

<?php
use Cake\Routing\Route\DashedRoute;
use Cake\Routing\Router;

$routes->setRouteClass(DashedRoute::class);

// New route we're adding for our tagged action.
// The trailing `*` tells CakePHP that this action has
// passed parameters.
$routes->scope(
    '/bookmarks',
    ['controller' => 'Bookmarks'],
    function ($routes) {
        $routes->connect('/tagged/*', ['action' => 'tags']);
    }
);

$routes->scope('/', function ($routes) {
    // Connect the default home and /pages/* routes.
    $routes->connect('/', [
        'controller' => 'Pages',
        'action' => 'display', 'home'
    ]);
    $routes->connect('/pages/*', [
        'controller' => 'Pages',
        'action' => 'display'
    ]);

    // Connect the conventions based default routes.
    $routes->fallbacks();
});

The above defines a new ‘route’ which connects the /bookmarks/tagged/ path, to BookmarksController::tags(). By defining routes, you can isolate how your URLs look, from how they are implemented. If we were to visit http://localhost:8765/bookmarks/tagged, we would see a helpful error page from CakePHP informing you that the controller action does not exist. Let’s implement that missing method now. In src/Controller/BookmarksController.php add the following:

public function tags()
{
    // The 'pass' key is provided by CakePHP and contains all
    // the passed URL path segments in the request.
    $tags = $this->request->getParam('pass');

    // Use the BookmarksTable to find tagged bookmarks.
    $bookmarks = $this->Bookmarks->find('tagged', [
            'tags' => $tags
        ])
        ->all();

    // Pass variables into the view template context.
    $this->set([
        'bookmarks' => $bookmarks,
        'tags' => $tags
    ]);
}

To access other parts of the request data, consult the Request section.

/**
 * The $query argument is a query builder instance.
 * The $options array will contain the 'tags' option we passed
 * to find('tagged') in our controller action
 * @param \Cake\ORM\Query $query
 * @param array $options
 * @return \Cake\ORM\Query
 *  -Modified query object.
 */
public function findTagged(Query $query, array $options)
{
    if (empty($options['tags'])) {
        $bookmarks = $query
            ->select(['Bookmarks.id','Bookmarks.url','Bookmarks.title','Bookmarks.description'])
            ->leftJoinWith('Tags')
            ->where(['Tags.title IS' => null])
            ->group(['Bookmarks.id']);
    } else {
        $bookmarks = $query
            ->select(['Bookmarks.id','Bookmarks.url','Bookmarks.title','Bookmarks.description'])
            ->innerJoinWith('Tags')
            ->where(['Tags.title IN ' => $options['tags']])
            ->group(['Bookmarks.id']);
    }

    return $query;
}

<h1>
    Bookmarks tagged with
    <?= $this->Text->toList(h($tags)) ?>
</h1>

<section>
<?php foreach ($bookmarks as $bookmark): ?>
    <article>
        <!-- Use the HtmlHelper to create a link -->
        <h4><?= $this->Html->link($bookmark->title, $bookmark->url) ?></h4>
        <small><?= h($bookmark->url) ?></small>

        <!-- Use the TextHelper to format text -->
        <?= $this->Text->autoParagraph(h($bookmark->description)) ?>
    </article>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</section>