Coding Standards¶

Adding New Features¶

No new features should be added, without having their own tests – which should be passed before committing them to the repository.

IDE Setup¶

Please make sure your IDE is set up to “trim right” on whitespaces. There should be no trailing spaces per line.

Most modern IDEs also support an .editorconfig file. The CakePHP app skeleton ships with it by default. It already contains best practise defaults.

We recommend to use the IdeHelper plugin if you want to maximize IDE compatibility. It will assist to keep the annotations up-to-date which will make the IDE fully understand how all classes work together and provides better type-hinting and auto-completion.

Indentation¶

Four spaces will be used for indentation.

So, indentation should look like this:

// base level
    // level 1
        // level 2
    // level 1
// base level

Or:

$booleanVariable = true;
$stringVariable = 'moose';
if ($booleanVariable) {
    echo 'Boolean value is true';
    if ($stringVariable === 'moose') {
        echo 'We have encountered a moose';
    }
}

In cases where you’re using a multi-line function call use the following guidelines:

• Opening parenthesis of a multi-line function call must be the last content on the line.

• Only one argument is allowed per line in a multi-line function call.

• Closing parenthesis of a multi-line function call must be on a line by itself.

As an example, instead of using the following formatting:

$matches = array_intersect_key($this->_listeners,
                array_flip(preg_grep($matchPattern,
                    array_keys($this->_listeners), 0)));

Use this instead:

$matches = array_intersect_key(
    $this->_listeners,
    array_flip(
        preg_grep($matchPattern, array_keys($this->_listeners), 0)
    )
);

Line Length¶

It is recommended to keep lines at approximately 100 characters long for better code readability. A limit of 80 or 120 characters makes it necessary to distribute complex logic or expressions by function, as well as give functions and objects shorter, more expressive names. Lines must not be longer than 120 characters.

In short:

• 100 characters is the soft limit.

• 120 characters is the hard limit.

Control Structures¶

Control structures are for example “if”, “for”, “foreach”, “while”, “switch” etc. Below, an example with “if”:

if ((expr_1) || (expr_2)) {
    // action_1;
} elseif (!(expr_3) && (expr_4)) {
    // action_2;
} else {
    // default_action;
}

• In the control structures there should be 1 (one) space before the first parenthesis and 1 (one) space between the last parenthesis and the opening bracket.

• Always use curly brackets in control structures, even if they are not needed. They increase the readability of the code, and they give you fewer logical errors.

• Opening curly brackets should be placed on the same line as the control structure. Closing curly brackets should be placed on new lines, and they should have same indentation level as the control structure. The statement included in curly brackets should begin on a new line, and code contained within it should gain a new level of indentation.

• Inline assignments should not be used inside of the control structures.

// wrong = no brackets, badly placed statement
if (expr) statement;

// wrong = no brackets
if (expr)
    statement;

// good
if (expr) {
    statement;
}

// wrong = inline assignment
if ($variable = Class::function()) {
    statement;
}

// good
$variable = Class::function();
if ($variable) {
    statement;
}

// Good, simple and readable
$variable = isset($options['variable']) ? $options['variable'] : true;

// Nested ternaries are bad
$variable = isset($options['variable']) ? isset($options['othervar']) ? true : false : false;

<?php
if ($isAdmin):
    echo '<p>You are the admin user.</p>';
endif;
?>
<p>The following is also acceptable:</p>
<?php if ($isAdmin): ?>
    <p>You are the admin user.</p>
<?php endif; ?>

Comparison¶

Always try to be as strict as possible. If a non-strict test is deliberate it might be wise to comment it as such to avoid confusing it for a mistake.

For testing if a variable is null, it is recommended to use a strict check:

if ($value === null) {
    // ...
}

The value to check against should be placed on the right side:

// not recommended
if (null === $this->foo()) {
    // ...
}

// recommended
if ($this->foo() === null) {
    // ...
}

Function Calls¶

Functions should be called without space between function’s name and starting parenthesis. There should be one space between every parameter of a function call:

$var = foo($bar, $bar2, $bar3);

As you can see above there should be one space on both sides of equals sign (=).

Method Definition¶

Example of a method definition:

public function someFunction($arg1, $arg2 = '')
{
    if (expr) {
        statement;
    }

    return $var;
}

Parameters with a default value, should be placed last in function definition. Try to make your functions return something, at least true or false, so it can be determined whether the function call was successful:

public function connection($dns, $persistent = false)
{
    if (is_array($dns)) {
        $dnsInfo = $dns;
    } else {
        $dnsInfo = BD::parseDNS($dns);
    }

    if (!($dnsInfo) || !($dnsInfo['phpType'])) {
        return $this->addError();
    }

    return true;
}

There are spaces on both side of the equals sign.

Bail Early¶

Try to avoid unnecessary nesting by bailing early:

public function run(array $data)
{
    ...
    if (!$success) {
        return false;
    }

    ...
}

public function check(array $data)
{
    ...
    if (!$success) {
        throw new RuntimeException(/* ... */);
    }

    ...
}

This helps to keep the logic sequential which improves readability.

/**
 * Some method description.
 *
 * @param \Cake\ORM\Table $table The table class to use.
 * @param array $array Some array value.
 * @param callable $callback Some callback.
 * @param bool $boolean Some boolean value.
 */
public function foo(Table $table, array $array, callable $callback, $boolean)
{
}

/**
 * Some method description.
 *
 * @param array|\ArrayObject $array Some array value.
 */
public function foo($array)
{
}

$closure = function ($arg1, $arg2) use ($var1, $var2) {
    // code
};

Method Chaining¶

Method chaining should have multiple methods spread across separate lines, and indented with four spaces:

$email->from('[email protected]')
    ->to('[email protected]')
    ->subject('A great message')
    ->send();

Commenting Code¶

All comments should be written in English, and should in a clear way describe the commented block of code.

Comments can include the following phpDocumentor tags:

• @deprecated Using the @version <vector> <description> format, where version and description are mandatory. Version refers to the one it got deprecated in.

• @example

• @ignore

• @internal

• @link

• @see

• @since

• @version

PhpDoc tags are very much like JavaDoc tags in Java. Tags are only processed if they are the first thing in a DocBlock line, for example:

/**
 * Tag example.
 *
 * @author this tag is parsed, but this @version is ignored
 * @version 1.0 this tag is also parsed
 */

/**
 * Example of inline phpDoc tags.
 *
 * This function works hard with foo() to rule the world.
 *
 * @return void
 */
function bar()
{
}

/**
 * Foo function.
 *
 * @return void
 */
function foo()
{
}

Comment blocks, with the exception of the first block in a file, should always be preceded by a newline.

int|bool

/**
 * Foo function.
 *
 * @return $this
 */
public function foo()
{
    return $this;
}

Including Files¶

include, require, include_once and require_once do not have parentheses:

// wrong = parentheses
require_once('ClassFileName.php');
require_once ($class);

// good = no parentheses
require_once 'ClassFileName.php';
require_once $class;

When including files with classes or libraries, use only and always the require_once function.

PHP Tags¶

Always use long tags (<?php ?>) instead of short tags (<? ?>). The short echo should be used in template files where appropriate.

// wrong = semicolon, no spaces
<td><?=$name;?></td>

// good = spaces, no semicolon
<td><?= $name ?></td>

Naming Convention¶

function longFunctionName()
{
}

class ExampleClass
{
}

$user = 'John';
$users = ['John', 'Hans', 'Arne'];

$dispatcher = new Dispatcher();

long_file_name.php

define('CONSTANT', 1);

define('LONG_NAMED_CONSTANT', 2);

enum ArticleStatus: string
{
    case Published = 'Y';
    case NotPublishedYet = 'N';
}

Careful when using empty()/isset()¶

While empty() often seems correct to use, it can mask errors and cause unintended effects when '0' and 0 are given. When variables or properties are already defined, the usage of empty() is not recommended. When working with variables, it is better to rely on type-coercion to boolean instead of empty():

function manipulate($var)
{
    // Not recommended, $var is already defined in the scope
    if (empty($var)) {
        // ...
    }

    // Use boolean type coercion
    if (!$var) {
        // ...
    }
    if ($var) {
        // ...
    }
}

When dealing with defined properties you should favour null checks over empty()/isset() checks:

class Thing
{
    private $property; // Defined

    public function readProperty()
    {
        // Not recommended as the property is defined in the class
        if (!isset($this->property)) {
            // ...
        }
        // Recommended
        if ($this->property === null) {

        }
    }
}

When working with arrays, it is better to merge in defaults over using empty() checks. By merging in defaults, you can ensure that required keys are defined:

function doWork(array $array)
{
    // Merge defaults to remove need for empty checks.
    $array += [
        'key' => null,
    ];

    // Not recommended, the key is already set
    if (isset($array['key'])) {
        // ...
    }

    // Recommended
    if ($array['key'] !== null) {
        // ...
    }
}