Blog Tutorial - Part 2¶

Create an Article Model¶

Models are the bread and butter of CakePHP applications. By creating a CakePHP model that will interact with our database, we’ll have the foundation in place needed to do our view, add, edit, and delete operations later.

CakePHP’s model class files are split between Table and Entity objects. Table objects provide access to the collection of entities stored in a specific table and go in src/Model/Table. The file we’ll be creating will be saved to src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php. The completed file should look like this:

// src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php

namespace App\Model\Table;

use Cake\ORM\Table;

class ArticlesTable extends Table
{
    public function initialize(array $config)
    {
        $this->addBehavior('Timestamp');
    }
}

Naming conventions are very important in CakePHP. By naming our Table object ArticlesTable, CakePHP can automatically infer that this Table object will be used in the ArticlesController, and will be tied to a database table called articles.

For more on models, such as callbacks, and validation, check out the Database Access & ORM chapter of the Manual.

bin/cake bake model Articles

For more on bake and its code generation features please visit Code Generation with Bake.

Create the Articles Controller¶

Next, we’ll create a controller for our articles. The controller is where all interaction with articles will happen. In a nutshell, it’s the place where you play with the business logic contained in the models and get work related to articles done. We’ll place this new controller in a file called ArticlesController.php inside the src/Controller directory. Here’s what the basic controller should look like:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

namespace App\Controller;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
}

Now, let’s add an action to our controller. Actions often represent a single function or interface in an application. For example, when users request www.example.com/articles/index (which is also the same as www.example.com/articles/), they might expect to see a listing of articles. The code for that action would look like this:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

namespace App\Controller;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function index()
    {
        $articles = $this->Articles->find('all');
        $this->set(compact('articles'));
    }
}

By defining function index() in our ArticlesController, users can now access the logic there by requesting www.example.com/articles/index. Similarly, if we were to define a function called foobar(), users would be able to access that at www.example.com/articles/foobar.

The single instruction in the action uses set() to pass data from the controller to the view (which we’ll create next). The line sets the view variable called ‘articles’ equal to the return value of the find('all') method of the ArticlesTable object.

bin/cake bake controller Articles

For more on bake and its code generation features please visit Code Generation with Bake.

To learn more about CakePHP’s controllers, check out the Controllers chapter.

Creating Article Views¶

Now that we have our data flowing from our model, and our application logic is defined by our controller, let’s create a view for the index action we created above.

CakePHP views are just presentation-flavored fragments that fit inside an application’s layout. For most applications, they’re HTML mixed with PHP, but they may end up as XML, CSV, or even binary data.

A layout is presentation code that is wrapped around a view. Multiple layouts can be defined, and you can switch between them, but for now, let’s just use the default.

Remember in the last section how we assigned the ‘articles’ variable to the view using the set() method? That would hand down the query object collection to the view to be invoked with a foreach iteration.

CakePHP’s template files are stored in src/Template inside a folder named after the controller they correspond to (we’ll have to create a folder named ‘Articles’ in this case). To format this article data in a nice table, our view code might look something like this:

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/index.ctp -->

<h1>Blog articles</h1>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>Id</th>
        <th>Title</th>
        <th>Created</th>
    </tr>

    <!-- Here is where we iterate through our $articles query object, printing out article info -->

    <?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>
    <tr>
        <td><?= $article->id ?></td>
        <td>
            <?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->id]) ?>
        </td>
        <td>
            <?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <?php endforeach; ?>
</table>

Hopefully this should look somewhat simple.

You might have noticed the use of an object called $this->Html. This is an instance of the CakePHP Cake\View\Helper\HtmlHelper class. CakePHP comes with a set of view helpers that make things like linking, form output a snap. You can learn more about how to use them in Helpers, but what’s important to note here is that the link() method will generate an HTML link with the given title (the first parameter) and URL (the second parameter).

When specifying URLs in CakePHP, it is recommended that you use the array format. This is explained in more detail in the section on Routes. Using the array format for URLs allows you to take advantage of CakePHP’s reverse routing capabilities. You can also specify URLs relative to the base of the application in the form of /controller/action/param1/param2 or use named routes.

At this point, you should be able to point your browser to http://www.example.com/articles/index. You should see your view, correctly formatted with the title and table listing of the articles.

If you happened to have clicked on one of the links we created in this view (that link a article’s title to a URL /articles/view/some\_id), you were probably informed by CakePHP that the action hasn’t yet been defined. If you were not so informed, either something has gone wrong, or you actually did define it already, in which case you are very sneaky. Otherwise, we’ll create it in the ArticlesController now:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

namespace App\Controller;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function index()
    {
         $this->set('articles', $this->Articles->find('all'));
    }

    public function view($id = null)
    {
        $article = $this->Articles->get($id);
        $this->set(compact('article'));
    }
}

The set() call should look familiar. Notice we’re using get() rather than find('all') because we only really want a single article’s information.

Notice that our view action takes a parameter: the ID of the article we’d like to see. This parameter is handed to the action through the requested URL. If a user requests /articles/view/3, then the value ‘3’ is passed as $id.

We also do a bit of error checking to ensure a user is actually accessing a record. By using the get() function in the Articles table, we make sure the user has accessed a record that exists. In case the requested article is not present in the database, or the id is false the get() function will throw a NotFoundException.

Now let’s create the view for our new ‘view’ action and place it in src/Template/Articles/view.ctp

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/view.ctp -->

<h1><?= h($article->title) ?></h1>
<p><?= h($article->body) ?></p>
<p><small>Created: <?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?></small></p>

Verify that this is working by trying the links at /articles/index or manually requesting an article by accessing /articles/view/{id}, replacing {id} by an article ‘id’.

Adding Articles¶

Reading from the database and showing us the articles is a great start, but let’s allow for the adding of new articles.

First, start by creating an add() action in the ArticlesController:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

namespace App\Controller;

use App\Controller\AppController;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function initialize()
    {
        parent::initialize();

        $this->loadComponent('Flash'); // Include the FlashComponent
    }

    public function index()
    {
        $this->set('articles', $this->Articles->find('all'));
    }

    public function view($id)
    {
        $article = $this->Articles->get($id);
        $this->set(compact('article'));
    }

    public function add()
    {
        $article = $this->Articles->newEntity();
        if ($this->request->is('post')) {
            // Prior to 3.4.0 $this->request->data() was used.
            $article = $this->Articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
            if ($this->Articles->save($article)) {
                $this->Flash->success(__('Your article has been saved.'));
                return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
            }
            $this->Flash->error(__('Unable to add your article.'));
        }
        $this->set('article', $article);
    }
}

Here’s what the add() action does: if the HTTP method of the request was POST, try to save the data using the Articles model. If for some reason it doesn’t save, just render the view. This gives us a chance to show the user validation errors or other warnings.

Every CakePHP request includes a ServerRequest object which is accessible using $this->request. The request object contains useful information regarding the request that was just received, and can be used to control the flow of your application. In this case, we use the Cake\Http\ServerRequest::is() method to check that the request is a HTTP POST request.

When a user uses a form to POST data to your application, that information is available in $this->request->getData() ( Or $this->request->data() for CakePHP v3.3 and under ). You can use the pr() or debug() functions to print it out if you want to see what it looks like.

We use FlashComponent’s success() and error() methods to set a message to a session variable. These methods are provided using PHP’s magic method features. Flash messages will be displayed on the page after redirection. In the layout we have <?= $this->Flash->render() ?> which displays the message and clears the corresponding session variable. The controller’s Cake\Controller\Controller::redirect function redirects to another URL. The param ['action' => 'index'] translates to URL /articles i.e the index action of the ArticlesController. You can refer to Cake\Routing\Router::url() function on the API to see the formats in which you can specify a URL for various CakePHP functions.

Calling the save() method will check for validation errors and abort the save if any occur. We’ll discuss how those errors are handled in the following sections.

Data Validation¶

CakePHP goes a long way toward taking the monotony out of form input validation. Everyone hates coding up endless forms and their validation routines. CakePHP makes it easier and faster.

To take advantage of the validation features, you’ll need to use CakePHP’s Form helper in your views. The Cake\View\Helper\FormHelper is available by default to all views at $this->Form.

Here’s our add view:

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/add.ctp -->

<h1>Add Article</h1>
<?php
    echo $this->Form->create($article);
    echo $this->Form->control('title');
    echo $this->Form->control('body', ['rows' => '3']);
    echo $this->Form->button(__('Save Article'));
    echo $this->Form->end();
?>

We use the FormHelper to generate the opening tag for an HTML form. Here’s the HTML that $this->Form->create() generates:

<form method="post" action="/articles/add">

If create() is called with no parameters supplied, it assumes you are building a form that submits via POST to the current controller’s add() action (or edit() action when id is included in the form data).

The $this->Form->control() method is used to create form elements of the same name. The first parameter tells CakePHP which field they correspond to, and the second parameter allows you to specify a wide array of options - in this case, the number of rows for the textarea. There’s a bit of introspection and automagic here: control() will output different form elements based on the model field specified.

The $this->Form->end() call ends the form. Outputting hidden inputs if CSRF/Form Tampering prevention is enabled.

Now let’s go back and update our src/Template/Articles/index.ctp view to include a new “Add Article” link. Before the <table>, add the following line:

<?= $this->Html->link('Add Article', ['action' => 'add']) ?>

You may be wondering: how do I tell CakePHP about my validation requirements? Validation rules are defined in the model. Let’s look back at our Articles model and make a few adjustments:

// src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php

namespace App\Model\Table;

use Cake\ORM\Table;
use Cake\Validation\Validator;

class ArticlesTable extends Table
{
    public function initialize(array $config)
    {
        $this->addBehavior('Timestamp');
    }

    public function validationDefault(Validator $validator)
    {
        $validator
            ->notEmpty('title')
            ->requirePresence('title')
            ->notEmpty('body')
            ->requirePresence('body');

        return $validator;
    }
}

The validationDefault() method tells CakePHP how to validate your data when the save() method is called. Here, we’ve specified that both the body and title fields must not be empty, and are required for both create and update operations. CakePHP’s validation engine is strong, with a number of pre-built rules (credit card numbers, email addresses, etc.) and flexibility for adding your own validation rules. For more information on that setup, check the Validation documentation.

Now that your validation rules are in place, use the app to try to add an article with an empty title or body to see how it works. Since we’ve used the Cake\View\Helper\FormHelper::control() method of the FormHelper to create our form elements, our validation error messages will be shown automatically.

Editing Articles¶

Post editing: here we go. You’re a CakePHP pro by now, so you should have picked up a pattern. Make the action, then the view. Here’s what the edit() action of the ArticlesController would look like:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

public function edit($id = null)
{
    $article = $this->Articles->get($id);
    if ($this->request->is(['post', 'put'])) {
        // Prior to 3.4.0 $this->request->data() was used.
        $this->Articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
        if ($this->Articles->save($article)) {
            $this->Flash->success(__('Your article has been updated.'));
            return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
        }
        $this->Flash->error(__('Unable to update your article.'));
    }

    $this->set('article', $article);
}

This action first ensures that the user has tried to access an existing record. If they haven’t passed in an $id parameter, or the article does not exist, we throw a NotFoundException for the CakePHP ErrorHandler to take care of.

Next the action checks whether the request is either a POST or a PUT request. If it is, then we use the POST data to update our article entity by using the patchEntity() method. Finally we use the table object to save the entity back or kick back and show the user validation errors.

The edit view might look something like this:

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/edit.ctp -->

<h1>Edit Article</h1>
<?php
    echo $this->Form->create($article);
    echo $this->Form->control('title');
    echo $this->Form->control('body', ['rows' => '3']);
    echo $this->Form->button(__('Save Article'));
    echo $this->Form->end();
?>

This view outputs the edit form (with the values populated), along with any necessary validation error messages.

CakePHP will determine whether a save() generates an insert or an update statement based on the state of the entity.

You can now update your index view with links to edit specific articles:

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/index.ctp  (edit links added) -->

<h1>Blog articles</h1>
<p><?= $this->Html->link("Add Article", ['action' => 'add']) ?></p>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>Id</th>
        <th>Title</th>
        <th>Created</th>
        <th>Action</th>
    </tr>

<!-- Here's where we iterate through our $articles query object, printing out article info -->

<?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>
    <tr>
        <td><?= $article->id ?></td>
        <td>
            <?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->id]) ?>
        </td>
        <td>
            <?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>
        </td>
        <td>
            <?= $this->Html->link('Edit', ['action' => 'edit', $article->id]) ?>
        </td>
    </tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>

</table>

Deleting Articles¶

Next, let’s make a way for users to delete articles. Start with a delete() action in the ArticlesController:

// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php

public function delete($id)
{
    $this->request->allowMethod(['post', 'delete']);

    $article = $this->Articles->get($id);
    if ($this->Articles->delete($article)) {
        $this->Flash->success(__('The article with id: {0} has been deleted.', h($id)));
        return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
    }
}

This logic deletes the article specified by $id, and uses $this->Flash->success() to show the user a confirmation message after redirecting them on to /articles. If the user attempts to do a delete using a GET request, the allowMethod() will throw an Exception. Uncaught exceptions are captured by CakePHP’s exception handler, and a nice error page is displayed. There are many built-in Exceptions that can be used to indicate the various HTTP errors your application might need to generate.

Because we’re just executing some logic and redirecting, this action has no view. You might want to update your index view with links that allow users to delete articles, however:

<!-- File: src/Template/Articles/index.ctp (delete links added) -->

<h1>Blog articles</h1>
<p><?= $this->Html->link('Add Article', ['action' => 'add']) ?></p>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>Id</th>
        <th>Title</th>
        <th>Created</th>
        <th>Actions</th>
    </tr>

<!-- Here's where we loop through our $articles query object, printing out article info -->

    <?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>
    <tr>
        <td><?= $article->id ?></td>
        <td>
            <?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->id]) ?>
        </td>
        <td>
            <?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>
        </td>
        <td>
            <?= $this->Form->postLink(
                'Delete',
                ['action' => 'delete', $article->id],
                ['confirm' => 'Are you sure?'])
            ?>
            <?= $this->Html->link('Edit', ['action' => 'edit', $article->id]) ?>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <?php endforeach; ?>

</table>

Using postLink() will create a link that uses JavaScript to do a POST request deleting our article.

Routes¶

For some, CakePHP’s default routing works well enough. Developers who are sensitive to user-friendliness and general search engine compatibility will appreciate the way that CakePHP’s URLs map to specific actions. So we’ll just make a quick change to routes in this tutorial.

For more information on advanced routing techniques, see Connecting Routes.

By default, CakePHP responds to a request for the root of your site (e.g., http://www.example.com) using its PagesController, rendering a view called “home”. Instead, we’ll replace this with our ArticlesController by creating a routing rule.

CakePHP’s routing is found in config/routes.php. You’ll want to comment out or remove the line that defines the default root route. It looks like this:

$routes->connect('/', ['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'display', 'home']);

This line connects the URL ‘/’ with the default CakePHP home page. We want it to connect with our own controller, so replace that line with this one:

$routes->connect('/', ['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'index']);

This should connect users requesting ‘/’ to the index() action of our ArticlesController.

Conclusion¶

Keep in mind that this tutorial was very basic. CakePHP has many more features to offer, and is flexible in ways we didn’t wish to cover here for simplicity’s sake. Use the rest of this manual as a guide for building more feature-rich applications.

Now that you’ve created a basic CakePHP application, you can either continue to Blog Tutorial - Part 3, or start your own project. You can also peruse the Using CakePHP or API to learn more about CakePHP.

If you need help, there are many ways to get the help you need - please see the Where to Get Help page. Welcome to CakePHP!