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JSON and XML views

The JsonView and XmlView integration with CakePHP’s Content Type Negotiation features and let you create JSON and XML responses.

These view classes are most commonly used alongside CakeControllerController::viewClasses().

There are two ways you can generate data views. The first is by using the serialize option, and the second is by creating normal template files.

Defining View Classes to Negotiate With

In your AppController or in an individual controller you can implement the viewClasses() method and provide all of the views you want to support:

use Cake\View\JsonView;
use Cake\View\XmlView;

public function viewClasses(): array
{
    return [JsonView::class, XmlView::class];
}

You can optionally enable the json and/or xml extensions with Routing File Extensions. This will allow you to access the JSON, XML or any other special format views by using a custom URL ending with the name of the response type as a file extension such as http://example.com/articles.json.

By default, when not enabling Routing File Extensions, the request, the Accept header is used for, selecting which type of format should be rendered to the user. An example Accept format that is used to render JSON responses is application/json.

Using Data Views with the Serialize Key

The serialize option indicates which view variable(s) should be serialized when using a data view. This lets you skip defining template files for your controller actions if you don’t need to do any custom formatting before your data is converted into json/xml.

If you need to do any formatting or manipulation of your view variables before generating the response, you should use template files. The value of serialize can be either a string or an array of view variables to serialize:

namespace App\Controller;

use Cake\View\JsonView;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function viewClasses(): array
    {
        return [JsonView::class];
    }

    public function index()
    {
        // Set the view vars
        $this->set('articles', $this->paginate());
        // Specify which view vars JsonView should serialize.
        $this->viewBuilder()->setOption('serialize', 'articles');
    }
}

You can also define serialize as an array of view variables to combine:

namespace App\Controller;

use Cake\View\JsonView;

class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function viewClasses(): array
    {
        return [JsonView::class];
    }

    public function index()
    {
        // Some code that created $articles and $comments

        // Set the view vars
        $this->set(compact('articles', 'comments'));

        // Specify which view vars JsonView should serialize.
        $this->viewBuilder()->setOption('serialize', ['articles', 'comments']);
    }
}

Defining serialize as an array has added the benefit of automatically appending a top-level <response> element when using XmlView. If you use a string value for serialize and XmlView, make sure that your view variable has a single top-level element. Without a single top-level element the Xml will fail to generate.

Using a Data View with Template Files

You should use template files if you need to manipulate your view content before creating the final output. For example, if we had articles with a field containing generated HTML, we would probably want to omit that from a JSON response. This is a situation where a view file would be useful:

// Controller code
class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
    public function index()
    {
        $articles = $this->paginate('Articles');
        $this->set(compact('articles'));
    }
}

// View code - templates/Articles/json/index.php
foreach ($articles as $article) {
    unset($article->generated_html);
}
echo json_encode(compact('articles'));

You can do more complex manipulations, or use helpers to do formatting as well. The data view classes don’t support layouts. They assume that the view file will output the serialized content.

Creating XML Views

class XmlView

By default when using serialize the XmlView will wrap your serialized view variables with a <response> node. You can set a custom name for this node using the rootNode option.

The XmlView class supports the xmlOptions option that allows you to customize the options, such as tags or attributes, used to generate XML.

An example of using XmlView would be to generate a sitemap.xml. This document type requires that you change rootNode and set attributes. Attributes are defined using the @ prefix:

use Cake\View\XmlView;

public function viewClasses(): array
{
    return [XmlView::class];
}

public function sitemap()
{
    $pages = $this->Pages->find()->all();
    $urls = [];
    foreach ($pages as $page) {
        $urls[] = [
            'loc' => Router::url(['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'view', $page->slug, '_full' => true]),
            'lastmod' => $page->modified->format('Y-m-d'),
            'changefreq' => 'daily',
            'priority' => '0.5',
        ];
    }

    // Define a custom root node in the generated document.
    $this->viewBuilder()
        ->setOption('rootNode', 'urlset')
        ->setOption('serialize', ['@xmlns', 'url']);
    $this->set([
        // Define an attribute on the root node.
        '@xmlns' => 'http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9',
        'url' => $urls,
    ]);
}

Creating JSON Views

class JsonView

The JsonView class supports the jsonOptions option that allows you to customize the bit-mask used to generate JSON. See the json_encode documentation for the valid values of this option.

For example, to serialize validation error output of CakePHP entities in a consistent form of JSON do:

// In your controller's action when saving failed
$this->set('errors', $articles->errors());
$this->viewBuilder()
    ->setOption('serialize', ['errors'])
    ->setOption('jsonOptions', JSON_FORCE_OBJECT);

JSONP Responses

When using JsonView you can use the special view variable jsonp to enable returning a JSONP response. Setting it to true makes the view class check if query string parameter named “callback” is set and if so wrap the json response in the function name provided. If you want to use a custom query string parameter name instead of “callback” set jsonp to required name instead of true.

Choosing a View Class

While you can use the viewClasses hook method most of the time, if you want total control over view class selection you can directly choose the view class:

// src/Controller/VideosController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use App\Controller\AppController;
use Cake\Http\Exception\NotFoundException;

class VideosController extends AppController
{
    public function export($format = '')
    {
        $format = strtolower($format);

        // Format to view mapping
        $formats = [
          'xml' => 'Xml',
          'json' => 'Json',
        ];

        // Error on unknown type
        if (!isset($formats[$format])) {
            throw new NotFoundException(__('Unknown format.'));
        }

        // Set Out Format View
        $this->viewBuilder()->setClassName($formats[$format]);

        // Get data
        $videos = $this->Videos->find('latest')->all();

        // Set Data View
        $this->set(compact('videos'));
        $this->viewBuilder()->setOption('serialize', ['videos']);

        // Set Force Download
        return $this->response->withDownload('report-' . date('YmdHis') . '.' . $format);
    }
}