Saving Data

class Cake\ORM\Table

After you have loaded your data you will probably want to update and save the changes.

A Glance Over Saving Data

Applications will usually have a couple of ways in which data is saved. The first one is obviously through web forms and the other is by directly generating or changing data in the code to be sent to the database.

Inserting Data

The easiest way to insert data in the database is by creating a new entity and passing it to the save() method in the Table class:

use Cake\ORM\Locator\LocatorAwareTrait;

$articlesTable = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articlesTable->newEmptyEntity();

$article->title = 'A New Article';
$article->body = 'This is the body of the article';

if ($articlesTable->save($article)) {
    // The $article entity contains the id now
    $id = $article->id;
}

Updating Data

Updating your data is achieved by using the save() method

use Cake\ORM\Locator\LocatorAwareTrait;

$articlesTable = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articlesTable->get(12); // Return article with id 12

$article->title = 'CakePHP is THE best PHP framework!';
$articlesTable->save($article);

CakePHP will know whether to perform an insert or an update based on the return value of the isNew() method. Entities that were retrieved with get() or find() will always return false when isNew() is called on them.

Saving With Associations

By default the save() method will also save one level of associations:

$articlesTable = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$author = $articlesTable->Authors->findByUserName('mark')->first();

$article = $articlesTable->newEmptyEntity();
$article->title = 'An article by mark';
$article->author = $author;

if ($articlesTable->save($article)) {
    // The foreign key value was set automatically.
    echo $article->author_id;
}

The save() method is also able to create new records for associations:

$firstComment = $articlesTable->Comments->newEmptyEntity();
$firstComment->body = 'The CakePHP features are outstanding';

$secondComment = $articlesTable->Comments->newEmptyEntity();
$secondComment->body = 'CakePHP performance is terrific!';

$tag1 = $articlesTable->Tags->findByName('cakephp')->first();
$tag2 = $articlesTable->Tags->newEmptyEntity();
$tag2->name = 'awesome';

$article = $articlesTable->get(12);
$article->comments = [$firstComment, $secondComment];
$article->tags = [$tag1, $tag2];

$articlesTable->save($article);

Associate Many To Many Records

The previous example demonstrates how to associate a few tags to an article. Another way of accomplishing the same thing is by using the link() method in the association:

$tag1 = $articlesTable->Tags->findByName('cakephp')->first();
$tag2 = $articlesTable->Tags->newEmptyEntity();
$tag2->name = 'awesome';

$articlesTable->Tags->link($article, [$tag1, $tag2]);

Converting Request Data into Entities

Before editing and saving data back to your database, you’ll need to convert the request data from the array format held in the request, and the entities that the ORM uses. The Table class provides an efficient way to convert one or many entities from request data. You can convert a single entity using:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');

// Validate and convert to an Entity object
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData());

Note

If you are using newEntity() and the resulting entities are missing some or all of the data they were passed, double check that the columns you want to set are listed in the $_accessible property of your entity. See Mass Assignment.

The request data should follow the structure of your entities. For example if you have an article, which belonged to a user, and had many comments, your request data should resemble:

$data = [
    'title' => 'CakePHP For the Win',
    'body' => 'Baking with CakePHP makes web development fun!',
    'user_id' => 1,
    'user' => [
        'username' => 'mark'
    ],
    'comments' => [
        ['body' => 'The CakePHP features are outstanding'],
        ['body' => 'CakePHP performance is terrific!'],
    ]
];

By default, the newEntity() method validates the data that gets passed to it, as explained in the Validating Data Before Building Entities section. If you wish to bypass data validation pass the 'validate' => false option:

$entity = $articles->newEntity($data, ['validate' => false]);

When building forms that save nested associations, you need to define which associations should be marshalled:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');

// New entity with nested associations
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
    'associated' => [
        'Tags', 'Comments' => ['associated' => ['Users']]
    ]
]);

The above indicates that the ‘Tags’, ‘Comments’ and ‘Users’ for the Comments should be marshalled. Alternatively, you can use dot notation for brevity:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');

// New entity with nested associations using dot notation
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
    'associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users']
]);

You may also disable marshalling of possible nested associations like so:

$entity = $articles->newEntity($data, ['associated' => []]);
// or...
$entity = $articles->patchEntity($entity, $data, ['associated' => []]);

Associated data is also validated by default unless told otherwise. You may also change the validation set to be used per association:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');

// Bypass validation on Tags association and
// Designate 'signup' validation set for Comments.Users
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
    'associated' => [
        'Tags' => ['validate' => false],
        'Comments.Users' => ['validate' => 'signup']
    ]
]);

The Using A Different Validation Set For Associations chapter has more information on how to use different validators for associated marshalling.

The following diagram gives an overview of what happens inside the newEntity() or patchEntity() method:

Flow diagram showing the marshalling/validation process.

You can always count on getting an entity back from newEntity(). If validation fails your entity will contain errors, and any invalid fields will not be populated in the created entity.

Converting BelongsToMany Data

If you are saving belongsToMany associations you can either use a list of entity data or a list of ids. When using a list of entity data your request data should look like:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'user_id' => 1,
    'tags' => [
        ['name' => 'CakePHP'],
        ['name' => 'Internet'],
    ],
];

The above will create 2 new tags. If you want to link an article with existing tags you can use a list of ids. Your request data should look like:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'user_id' => 1,
    'tags' => [
        '_ids' => [1, 2, 3, 4],
    ],
];

If you need to link against some existing belongsToMany records, and create new ones at the same time you can use an expanded format:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'user_id' => 1,
    'tags' => [
        ['name' => 'A new tag'],
        ['name' => 'Another new tag'],
        ['id' => 5],
        ['id' => 21],
    ],
];

When the above data is converted into entities, you will have 4 tags. The first two will be new objects, and the second two will be references to existing records.

When converting belongsToMany data, you can disable entity creation, by using the onlyIds option:

$result = $articles->patchEntity($entity, $data, [
    'associated' => ['Tags' => ['onlyIds' => true]],
]);

When used, this option restricts belongsToMany association marshalling to only use the _ids data.

Converting HasMany Data

If you want to update existing hasMany associations and update their properties, you should first ensure your entity is loaded with the hasMany association populated. You can then use request data similar to:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My Title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'comments' => [
        ['id' => 1, 'comment' => 'Update the first comment'],
        ['id' => 2, 'comment' => 'Update the second comment'],
        ['comment' => 'Create a new comment'],
    ],
];

If you are saving hasMany associations and want to link existing records to a new parent record you can use the _ids format:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My new article',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'user_id' => 1,
    'comments' => [
        '_ids' => [1, 2, 3, 4],
    ],
];

When converting hasMany data, you can disable the new entity creation, by using the onlyIds option. When enabled, this option restricts hasMany marshalling to only use the _ids key and ignore all other data.

Converting Multiple Records

When creating forms that create/update multiple records at once you can use newEntities():

// In a controller.

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$entities = $articles->newEntities($this->request->getData());

In this situation, the request data for multiple articles should look like:

$data = [
    [
        'title' => 'First post',
        'published' => 1,
    ],
    [
        'title' => 'Second post',
        'published' => 1,
    ],
];

Once you’ve converted request data into entities you can save:

// In a controller.
foreach ($entities as $entity) {
    // Save entity
    $articles->save($entity);
}

The above will run a separate transaction for each entity saved. If you’d like to process all the entities as a single transaction you can use saveMany() or saveManyOrFail():

// Get a boolean indicating success
$articles->saveMany($entities);

// Get a PersistenceFailedException if any records fail to save.
$articles->saveManyOrFail($entities);

Changing Accessible Fields

It’s also possible to allow newEntity() to write into non accessible fields. For example, id is usually absent from the _accessible property. In such case, you can use the accessibleFields option. It could be useful to keep ids of associated entities:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
    'associated' => [
        'Tags', 'Comments' => [
            'associated' => [
                'Users' => [
                    'accessibleFields' => ['id' => true],
                ],
            ],
        ],
    ],
]);

The above will keep the association unchanged between Comments and Users for the concerned entity.

Note

If you are using newEntity() and the resulting entities are missing some or all of the data they were passed, double check that the columns you want to set are listed in the $_accessible property of your entity. See Mass Assignment.

Merging Request Data Into Entities

In order to update entities you may choose to apply request data directly to an existing entity. This has the advantage that only the fields that actually changed will be saved, as opposed to sending all fields to the database to be persisted. You can merge an array of raw data into an existing entity using the patchEntity() method:

// In a controller.

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->get(1);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
$articles->save($article);

Validation and patchEntity

Similar to newEntity(), the patchEntity method will validate the data before it is copied to the entity. The mechanism is explained in the Validating Data Before Building Entities section. If you wish to disable validation while patching an entity, pass the validate option as follows:

// In a controller.

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->get(1);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $data, ['validate' => false]);

You may also change the validation set used for the entity or any of the associations:

$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData(), [
    'validate' => 'custom',
    'associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users' => ['validate' => 'signup']]
]);

Patching HasMany and BelongsToMany

As explained in the previous section, the request data should follow the structure of your entity. The patchEntity() method is equally capable of merging associations, by default only the first level of associations are merged, but if you wish to control the list of associations to be merged or merge deeper to deeper levels, you can use the third parameter of the method:

// In a controller.
$associated = ['Tags', 'Comments.Users'];
$article = $articles->get(1, ['contain' => $associated]);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData(), [
    'associated' => $associated,
]);
$articles->save($article);

Associations are merged by matching the primary key field in the source entities to the corresponding fields in the data array. Associations will construct new entities if no previous entity is found for the association’s target property.

For example give some request data like the following:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My title',
    'user' => [
        'username' => 'mark',
    ],
];

Trying to patch an entity without an entity in the user property will create a new user entity:

// In a controller.
$entity = $articles->patchEntity(new Article, $data);
echo $entity->user->username; // Echoes 'mark'

The same can be said about hasMany and belongsToMany associations, with an important caveat:

Note

For belongsToMany associations, ensure the relevant entity has a property accessible for the associated entity.

If a Product belongsToMany Tag:

// in the Product Entity
protected $_accessible = [
    // .. other properties
   'tags' => true,
];

Note

For hasMany and belongsToMany associations, if there were any entities that could not be matched by primary key to a record in the data array, then those records will be discarded from the resulting entity.

Remember that using either patchEntity() or patchEntities() does not persist the data, it just edits (or creates) the given entities. In order to save the entity you will have to call the table’s save() method.

For example, consider the following case:

$data = [
    'title' => 'My title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'comments' => [
        ['body' => 'First comment', 'id' => 1],
        ['body' => 'Second comment', 'id' => 2],
    ],
];
$entity = $articles->newEntity($data);
$articles->save($entity);

$newData = [
    'comments' => [
        ['body' => 'Changed comment', 'id' => 1],
        ['body' => 'A new comment'],
    ],
];
$articles->patchEntity($entity, $newData);
$articles->save($entity);

At the end, if the entity is converted back to an array you will obtain the following result:

[
    'title' => 'My title',
    'body' => 'The text',
    'comments' => [
        ['body' => 'Changed comment', 'id' => 1],
        ['body' => 'A new comment'],
    ],
];

As you can see, the comment with id 2 is no longer there, as it could not be matched to anything in the $newData array. This happens because CakePHP is reflecting the new state described in the request data.

Some additional advantages of this approach is that it reduces the number of operations to be executed when persisting the entity again.

Please note that this does not mean that the comment with id 2 was removed from the database, if you wish to remove the comments for that article that are not present in the entity, you can collect the primary keys and execute a batch delete for those not in the list:

// In a controller.
use Cake\Collection\Collection;

$comments = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Comments');
$present = (new Collection($entity->comments))->extract('id')->filter()->toList();
$comments->deleteAll([
    'article_id' => $article->id,
    'id NOT IN' => $present,
]);

As you can see, this also helps creating solutions where an association needs to be implemented like a single set.

You can also patch multiple entities at once. The consideration made for patching hasMany and belongsToMany associations apply for patching multiple entities: Matches are done by the primary key field value and missing matches in the original entities array will be removed and not present in the result:

// In a controller.

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$list = $articles->find('popular')->toList();
$patched = $articles->patchEntities($list, $this->request->getData());
foreach ($patched as $entity) {
    $articles->save($entity);
}

Similarly to using patchEntity(), you can use the third argument for controlling the associations that will be merged in each of the entities in the array:

// In a controller.
$patched = $articles->patchEntities(
    $list,
    $this->request->getData(),
    ['associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users']]
);

Modifying Request Data Before Building Entities

If you need to modify request data before it is converted into entities, you can use the Model.beforeMarshal event. This event lets you manipulate the request data just before entities are created:

// Include use statements at the top of your file.
use Cake\Event\EventInterface;
use ArrayObject;

// In a table or behavior class
public function beforeMarshal(EventInterface $event, ArrayObject $data, ArrayObject $options)
{
    if (isset($data['username'])) {
        $data['username'] = mb_strtolower($data['username']);
    }
}

The $data parameter is an ArrayObject instance, so you don’t have to return it to change the data used to create entities.

The main purpose of beforeMarshal is to assist the users to pass the validation process when simple mistakes can be automatically resolved, or when data needs to be restructured so it can be put into the right fields.

The Model.beforeMarshal event is triggered just at the start of the validation process, one of the reasons is that beforeMarshal is allowed to change the validation rules and the saving options, such as the field list. Validation is triggered just after this event is finished. A common example of changing the data before it is validated is trimming all fields before saving:

// Include use statements at the top of your file.
use Cake\Event\EventInterface;
use ArrayObject;

// In a table or behavior class
public function beforeMarshal(EventInterface $event, ArrayObject $data, ArrayObject $options)
{
    foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
        if (is_string($value)) {
            $data[$key] = trim($value);
        }
    }
}

Because of how the marshalling process works, if a field does not pass validation it will automatically be removed from the data array and not be copied into the entity. This is to prevent inconsistent data from entering the entity object.

Moreover, the data in beforeMarshal is a copy of the passed data. This is because it is important to preserve the original user input, as it may be used elsewhere.

Modifying Entities After Updating From Request Data

The Model.afterMarshal event allows you to modify entities after they have been created or updated from request data. It can be useful to apply additional validation logic that you cannot easily express through Validator methods:

// Include use statements at the top of your file.
use Cake\Event\EventInterface;
use Cake\ORM\EntityInterface;
use ArrayObject;

// In a table or behavior class
public function afterMarshal(
    EventInterface $event,
    EntityInterface $entity,
    ArrayObject $data,
    ArrayObject $options
) {
    // Don't accept people who have a name starting with J on the 20th
    // of each month.
    if (mb_substr($entity->name, 1) === 'J' && (int)date('d') === 20) {
        $entity->setError('name', 'No J people today sorry.');
    }
}

New in version 4.1.0.

Validating Data Before Building Entities

The Validating Data chapter has more information on how to use the validation features of CakePHP to ensure your data stays correct and consistent.

Avoiding Property Mass Assignment Attacks

When creating or merging entities from request data you need to be careful of what you allow your users to change or add in the entities. For example, by sending an array in the request containing the user_id an attacker could change the owner of an article, causing undesirable effects:

// Contains ['user_id' => 100, 'title' => 'Hacked!'];
$data = $this->request->getData();
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data);
$this->save($entity);

There are two ways of protecting you against this problem. The first one is by setting the default columns that can be safely set from a request using the Mass Assignment feature in the entities.

The second way is by using the fields option when creating or merging data into an entity:

// Contains ['user_id' => 100, 'title' => 'Hacked!'];
$data = $this->request->getData();

// Only allow title to be changed
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data, [
    'fields' => ['title']
]);
$this->save($entity);

You can also control which properties can be assigned for associations:

// Only allow changing the title and tags
// and the tag name is the only column that can be set
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data, [
    'fields' => ['title', 'tags'],
    'associated' => ['Tags' => ['fields' => ['name']]]
]);
$this->save($entity);

Using this feature is handy when you have many different functions your users can access and you want to let your users edit different data based on their privileges.

Saving Entities

Cake\ORM\Table::save(Entity $entity, array $options = [])

When saving request data to your database you need to first hydrate a new entity using newEntity() for passing into save(). For example:

// In a controller

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData());
if ($articles->save($article)) {
    // ...
}

The ORM uses the isNew() method on an entity to determine whether or not an insert or update should be performed. If the isNew() method returns true and the entity has a primary key value, an ‘exists’ query will be issued. The ‘exists’ query can be suppressed by passing 'checkExisting' => false in the $options argument:

$articles->save($article, ['checkExisting' => false]);

Once you’ve loaded some entities you’ll probably want to modify them and update your database. This is a pretty simple exercise in CakePHP:

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->find('all')->where(['id' => 2])->first();

$article->title = 'My new title';
$articles->save($article);

When saving, CakePHP will apply your rules, and wrap the save operation in a database transaction. It will also only update properties that have changed. The above save() call would generate SQL like:

UPDATE articles SET title = 'My new title' WHERE id = 2;

If you had a new entity, the following SQL would be generated:

INSERT INTO articles (title) VALUES ('My new title');

When an entity is saved a few things happen:

  1. Rule checking will be started if not disabled.

  2. Rule checking will trigger the Model.beforeRules event. If this event is stopped, the save operation will fail and return false.

  3. Rules will be checked. If the entity is being created, the create rules will be used. If the entity is being updated, the update rules will be used.

  4. The Model.afterRules event will be triggered.

  5. The Model.beforeSave event is dispatched. If it is stopped, the save will be aborted, and save() will return false.

  6. Parent associations are saved. For example, any listed belongsTo associations will be saved.

  7. The modified fields on the entity will be saved.

  8. Child associations are saved. For example, any listed hasMany, hasOne, or belongsToMany associations will be saved.

  9. The Model.afterSave event will be dispatched.

  10. The Model.afterSaveCommit event will be dispatched.

The following diagram illustrates the above process:

Flow diagram showing the save process.

See the Applying Application Rules section for more information on creating and using rules.

Warning

If no changes are made to the entity when it is saved, the callbacks will not fire because no save is performed.

The save() method will return the modified entity on success, and false on failure. You can disable rules and/or transactions using the $options argument for save:

// In a controller or table method.
$articles->save($article, ['checkRules' => false, 'atomic' => false]);

Saving Associations

When you are saving an entity, you can also choose to save some or all of the associated entities. By default all first level entities will be saved. For example saving an Article, will also automatically update any dirty entities that are directly related to articles table.

You can fine tune which associations are saved by using the associated option:

// In a controller.

// Only save the comments association
$articles->save($entity, ['associated' => ['Comments']]);

You can define save distant or deeply nested associations by using dot notation:

// Save the company, the employees and related addresses for each of them.
$companies->save($entity, ['associated' => ['Employees.Addresses']]);

Moreover, you can combine the dot notation for associations with the options array:

$companies->save($entity, [
  'associated' => [
    'Employees',
    'Employees.Addresses'
  ]
]);

Your entities should be structured in the same way as they are when loaded from the database. See the form helper documentation for how to build inputs for associations.

If you are building or modifying association data after building your entities you will have to mark the association property as modified with setDirty():

$company->author->name = 'Master Chef';
$company->setDirty('author', true);

Saving BelongsTo Associations

When saving belongsTo associations, the ORM expects a single nested entity named with the singular, underscored version of the association name. For example:

// In a controller.
$data = [
    'title' => 'First Post',
    'user' => [
        'id' => 1,
        'username' => 'mark'
    ]
];

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
    'associated' => ['Users']
]);

$articles->save($article);

Saving HasOne Associations

When saving hasOne associations, the ORM expects a single nested entity named with the singular, underscored version of the association name. For example:

// In a controller.
$data = [
    'id' => 1,
    'username' => 'cakephp',
    'profile' => [
        'twitter' => '@cakephp'
    ]
];

$users = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Users');
$user = $users->newEntity($data, [
    'associated' => ['Profiles']
]);
$users->save($user);

Saving HasMany Associations

When saving hasMany associations, the ORM expects an array of entities named with the plural, underscored version of the association name. For example:

// In a controller.
$data = [
    'title' => 'First Post',
    'comments' => [
        ['body' => 'Best post ever'],
        ['body' => 'I really like this.']
    ]
];

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
    'associated' => ['Comments']
]);
$articles->save($article);

When saving hasMany associations, associated records will either be updated, or inserted. For the case that the record already has associated records in the database, you have the choice between two saving strategies:

append

Associated records are updated in the database or, if not matching any existing record, inserted.

replace

Any existing records that do not match the records provided will be deleted from the database. Only provided records will remain (or be inserted).

By default the append saving strategy is used. See HasMany Associations for details on defining the saveStrategy.

Whenever you add new records to an existing association you should always mark the association property as ‘dirty’. This lets the ORM know that the association property has to be persisted:

$article->comments[] = $comment;
$article->setDirty('comments', true);

Without the call to setDirty() the updated comments will not be saved.

If you are creating a new entity, and want to add existing records to a has many/belongs to many association you need to initialize the association property first:

$article->comments = [];

Without initialization calling $article->comments[] = $comment; will have no effect.

Saving BelongsToMany Associations

When saving belongsToMany associations, the ORM expects an array of entities named with the plural, underscored version of the association name. For example:

// In a controller.
$data = [
    'title' => 'First Post',
    'tags' => [
        ['tag' => 'CakePHP'],
        ['tag' => 'Framework']
    ]
];

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
    'associated' => ['Tags']
]);
$articles->save($article);

When converting request data into entities, the newEntity() and newEntities() methods will handle both arrays of properties, as well as a list of ids at the _ids key. Using the _ids key makes it possible to building a select box or checkbox based form controls for belongs to many associations. See the Converting Request Data into Entities section for more information.

When saving belongsToMany associations, you have the choice between two saving strategies:

append

Only new links will be created between each side of this association. This strategy will not destroy existing links even though they may not be present in the array of entities to be saved.

replace

When saving, existing links will be removed and new links will be created in the junction table. If there are existing link in the database to some of the entities intended to be saved, those links will be updated, not deleted and then re-saved.

See BelongsToMany Associations for details on defining the saveStrategy.

By default the replace strategy is used. Whenever you add new records into an existing association you should always mark the association property as ‘dirty’. This lets the ORM know that the association property has to be persisted:

$article->tags[] = $tag;
$article->setDirty('tags', true);

Without the call to setDirty() the updated tags will not be saved.

Often you’ll find yourself wanting to make an association between two existing entities, eg. a user coauthoring an article. This is done by using the method link(), like this:

$article = $this->Articles->get($articleId);
$user = $this->Users->get($userId);

$this->Articles->Users->link($article, [$user]);

When saving belongsToMany Associations, it can be relevant to save some additional data to the junction Table. In the previous example of tags, it could be the vote_type of person who voted on that article. The vote_type can be either upvote or downvote and is represented by a string. The relation is between Users and Articles.

Saving that association, and the vote_type is done by first adding some data to _joinData and then saving the association with link(), example:

$article = $this->Articles->get($articleId);
$user = $this->Users->get($userId);

$user->_joinData = new Entity(['vote_type' => $voteType], ['markNew' => true]);
$this->Articles->Users->link($article, [$user]);

Saving Additional Data to the Join Table

In some situations the table joining your BelongsToMany association, will have additional columns on it. CakePHP makes it simple to save properties into these columns. Each entity in a belongsToMany association has a _joinData property that contains the additional columns on the junction table. This data can be either an array or an Entity instance. For example if Students BelongsToMany Courses, we could have a junction table that looks like:

id | student_id | course_id | days_attended | grade

When saving data you can populate the additional columns on the junction table by setting data to the _joinData property:

$student->courses[0]->_joinData->grade = 80.12;
$student->courses[0]->_joinData->days_attended = 30;

$studentsTable->save($student);

The example above will only work if the property _joinData is already a reference to a Join Table Entity. If you don’t already have a _joinData entity, you can create one using newEntity():

$coursesMembershipsTable = $this->getTableLocator()->get('CoursesMemberships');
$student->courses[0]->_joinData = $coursesMembershipsTable->newEntity([
    'grade' => 80.12,
    'days_attended' => 30
]);

$studentsTable->save($student);

The _joinData property can be either an entity, or an array of data if you are saving entities built from request data. When saving junction table data from request data your POST data should look like:

$data = [
    'first_name' => 'Sally',
    'last_name' => 'Parker',
    'courses' => [
        [
            'id' => 10,
            '_joinData' => [
                'grade' => 80.12,
                'days_attended' => 30
            ]
        ],
        // Other courses.
    ]
];
$student = $this->Students->newEntity($data, [
    'associated' => ['Courses._joinData']
]);

See the Creating Inputs for Associated Data documentation for how to build inputs with FormHelper correctly.

Saving Complex Types

Tables are capable of storing data represented in basic types, like strings, integers, floats, booleans, etc. But It can also be extended to accept more complex types such as arrays or objects and serialize this data into simpler types that can be saved in the database.

This functionality is achieved by using the custom types system. See the Adding Custom Types section to find out how to build custom column Types:

use Cake\Database\TypeFactory;

TypeFactory::map('json', 'Cake\Database\Type\JsonType');

// In src/Model/Table/UsersTable.php

class UsersTable extends Table
{
    public function getSchema(): TableSchemaInterface
    {
        $schema = parent::getSchema();
        $schema->setColumnType('preferences', 'json');

        return $schema;
    }
}

The code above maps the preferences column to the json custom type. This means that when retrieving data for that column, it will be unserialized from a JSON string in the database and put into an entity as an array.

Likewise, when saved, the array will be transformed back into its JSON representation:

$user = new User([
    'preferences' => [
        'sports' => ['football', 'baseball'],
        'books' => ['Mastering PHP', 'Hamlet']
    ]
]);
$usersTable->save($user);

When using complex types it is important to validate that the data you are receiving from the end user is the correct type. Failing to correctly handle complex data could result in malicious users being able to store data they would not normally be able to.

Strict Saving

Cake\ORM\Table::saveOrFail($entity, $options = [])

Using this method will throw an Cake\ORM\Exception\PersistenceFailedException if:

  • the application rules checks failed

  • the entity contains errors

  • the save was aborted by a callback.

Using this can be helpful when you performing complex database operations without human monitoring, for example, inside a Shell task.

Note

If you use this method in a controller, be sure to catch the PersistenceFailedException that could be raised.

If you want to track down the entity that failed to save, you can use the Cake\ORMException\PersistenceFailedException::getEntity() method:

try {
    $table->saveOrFail($entity);
} catch (\Cake\ORM\Exception\PersistenceFailedException $e) {
    echo $e->getEntity();
}

As this internally performs a Cake\ORM\Table::save() call, all corresponding save events will be triggered.

Find or Create an Entity

Cake\ORM\Table::findOrCreate($search, $callback = null, $options = [])

Find an existing record based on $search or create a new record using the properties in $search and calling the optional $callback. This method is ideal in scenarios where you need to reduce the chance of duplicate records:

$record = $table->findOrCreate(
    ['email' => '[email protected]'],
    function ($entity) use ($otherData) {
        // Only called when a new record is created.
        $entity->name = $otherData['name'];
    }
);

If your find conditions require custom order, associations or conditions, then the $search parameter can be a callable or Query object. If you use a callable, it should take a Query as its argument.

The returned entity will have been saved if it was a new record. The supported options for this method are:

  • atomic Should the find and save operation be done inside a transaction.

  • defaults Set to false to not set $search properties into the created entity.

Creating with an existing primary key

When handling UUID primary keys you often want to provide an externally generated value, and not have an an identifier generated for you.

In this case make sure you are not passing the primary key as part of the marshalled data. Instead, assign the primary key and then patch in the remaining entity data:

$record = $table->newEmptyEntity();
$record->id = $existingUuid;
$record = $table->patchEntity($record, $existingData);
$table->saveOrFail($record);

Saving Multiple Entities

Cake\ORM\Table::saveMany($entities, $options = [])

Using this method you can save multiple entities atomically. $entities can be an array of entities created using newEntities() / patchEntities(). $options can have the same options as accepted by save():

$data = [
    [
        'title' => 'First post',
        'published' => 1
    ],
    [
        'title' => 'Second post',
        'published' => 1
    ],
];

$articles = $this->getTableLocator()->get('Articles');
$entities = $articles->newEntities($data);
$result = $articles->saveMany($entities);

The result will be updated entities on success or false on failure.

Bulk Updates

Cake\ORM\Table::updateAll($fields, $conditions)

There may be times when updating rows individually is not efficient or necessary. In these cases it is more efficient to use a bulk-update to modify many rows at once, by assigning the new field values, and conditions for the update:

// Publish all the unpublished articles.
function publishAllUnpublished()
{
    $this->updateAll(
        [  // fields
            'published' => true,
            'publish_date' => FrozenTime::now()
        ],
        [  // conditions
            'published' => false
        ]
    );
}

If you need to do bulk updates and use SQL expressions, you will need to use an expression object as updateAll() uses prepared statements under the hood:

use Cake\Database\Expression\QueryExpression;

...

function incrementCounters()
{
    $expression = new QueryExpression('view_count = view_count + 1');
    $this->updateAll([$expression], ['published' => true]);
}

A bulk-update will be considered successful if 1 or more rows are updated.

Warning

updateAll will not trigger beforeSave/afterSave events. If you need those first load a collection of records and update them.

updateAll() is for convenience only. You can use this more flexible interface as well:

// Publish all the unpublished articles.
function publishAllUnpublished()
{
    // Prior to 4.5 use $this->query() instead.
    $this->updateQuery()
        ->set(['published' => true])
        ->where(['published' => false])
        ->execute();
}

Also see: Updating Data.